Some industries—particularly iron ore, pig iron, raw coal, calcium sulfate ore, phosphate fertilizer, cement, and calcium sulfate—produce considerable quantities of solid and liquid waste. The Pearl River Delta, situated in southern China's Guangdong Province, is formed by alluvium delivered from the West, North, and East Rivers. The volume of automobile and factory emissions in the Delta area more than tripled from 1986 to 1995, and the volume of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere is estimated to be about 24 times higher than the average for China as a whole. Table 9-3). The specific region examined in this chapter is in the central part of the Pearl River Delta, which covers 17,219 square kilometers. It is responsible for 26.8% of the country’s exports, making it third in trade after the United States and Germany, according to the Yearbook. Finally, several special field surveys on land quality have been conducted since the 1960s. Indeed, the government implemented special policies to foster housing development. [1], The zone is formed by 9 cities, namely Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Dongguan, four districts and counties of Huizhou and four districts and counties of Zhaoqing. With the rapid increase of this population, housing construction was accelerated and grew from 0.17 million square meters in 1980 to 1.69 million square meters in 1989. At the close of the 20th century, Hong Kong was the undisputed economic powerhouse of the region. Since the 2008 financial crisis, there have been great changes in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), where growing and shrinking areas coexist. Geocarto International: Vol. 3Because of a lack of data, it is hard to show the complete picture of changes in cropping patterns in the Delta region. ~ enlarge ~ Second, the government has established and implemented laws aimed at protecting the environment. Population growth statistics are calculated on the basis of numbers of permanent residents, but China also has a “floating” population living away from their permanent residence (this phenomenon is described more fully later in this chapter and in Modeling the drivers of urban land use change in the Pearl River Delta, China: Integrating remote sensing with socioeconomic data. Beijing: China Population Press; Statistical Yearbooks for Shenzhen and Zhuhai. The abundance of employment … . The result was development of a special policy for the floating population. FIGURE 9-13 Vegetable land, Huadu, Conghua, and Zengcheng counties, 1978–1988. As rosy as the picture is, the big Wow on this trip was learning how China’s Pearl River Delta region (PRD) is outpacing the rest of the country in terms of economic growth and innovation. Today, the Pearl River Delta's GDP clocks in at over $1.2 trillion, ahead of countries like Mexico and Indonesia, making it the 15th largest economy in the world. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Additional research findings on the process of land use change emerged from an examination of historical records and physical background information. 1995 This indicator also overestimates the true level of urbanization, however, because some people who engaged in nonagricultural work lived in rural areas where there has been rapid growth in rural enterprises. Download : Download high-res image (1MB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. Tang Yonglun. The 2008-20 plan, released by China's National Development and Reform Commission, is designed to boost the pan-Pearl River Delta as a "center of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries", and as a "center for international shipping, logistics, trade, conferences and exhibitions and tourism". Population and Economics (in Chinese) Many industries, however, are reluctant to allocate financial resources toward improving the environment. Finding 2: In the Pearl River Delta changes in consumption levels caused by the economic growth have led to changes in land use in cities and changes in crop production in rural areas. FIGURE 9-7 Farmland and net migration rate, Pearl River Delta, 1980–1994. 4. Thus the proportion of treated industrial emissions increased from 50 percent in 1986 to 87.2 percent in 1995 in Guangdong Province as a whole, and from 47 percent to about 93.1 percent in the Delta area over the same period. Zhuhai greatly benefits from being a special economic zone, whereas of the other municipalities, only Shenzhen benefits from that special status. China’s Pearl River Delta has overtaken Tokyo to become the largest urban area in the world in both size and population. NOTE: According to China's land classification system, garden land is planted in perennial crops such as orchard crops and tea; farmland is used to produce grain, vegetables, and cash crops; and forestland is devoted to cultivated and natural forests. Figure 9-12), while the portion of farmland devoted to vegetable crops increased, despite falling consumption ( Figure. For example, the per capita floor space in Guangzhou City remained constant from 1965 to 1980, at only 3–4 square meters. Pearl River Delta: China’s Biggest Economic Hub. The second factor is that farmers were increasingly able to export their products outside the region. 29–33 Figure 9-9). Thus a large proportion of vegetable production was not consumed by local people, but rather sold to other areas. In the Delta area the floating population has been increasing because of the rapidly growing job market there. The temporary population needs space for housing which in turn requires expansion of the urban infrastructure into the surrounding farmland. The resulting dasymetric population maps (Fig. This legislation not only strictly defines what is forbidden in order to prevent pollution, but also explicitly states what must be done to protect the environment—for example, the standards that must be met for drinking water, Industrial + agricultural prodn., average 1990–1995, Residents' bank balances, average 1990–1995, Annual growth rate of permanent residents, 1980–1995 (percent), Annual growth rate of total population, 1986–1995 (percent), Decrease in farmland per capita, 1986–1995 (percent), Wastewater per capita, average 1990–1994 (tonnes), Air emissions per capita, average 1990–1994 (cubic meters), Waste residue per capita, average 1990–1994 (tonnes), Index of seawater pollution at junction of river and sea, average 1991–1995. Impact of urbanization and delayed childbearing on population growth and aging in China. FIGURE 9-8 Unit area grain yield, Dongguan and Shenzhen, 1949–1996. Ratio of Floating to Permanent Population (percent). Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. The effect of urbanization and climate change on the mosquito population in the Pearl River Delta … The Pearl River Delta grew from 4,500 square kilometres in 2000 to nearly 7,000 sq km in 2010, the analysis found. The permanent population of Zhuhai is only 600,000; the other municipalities range in population from more than 1 million to several million. Living standards in the area improved substantially, leading to a rise in overall consumption levels and changes in consumption patterns. Basic Data of China's Population. Criterion for urban-rural classification and the level of urban development. FIGURE 9-6 Farmland and total population, Pearl River Delta, 1980–1994. Thus this indicator can be said to underestimate the true level of urbanization in the Delta. Also important, compared with cities in the other municipalities, Zhuhai City has a comparatively higher proportion of light industry to heavy industry, which generally leads to lower levels of pollution. ~ enlarge ~ 2This phenomenon is explained more fully in . FIGURE 9-8 Unit area grain yield, Dongguan and Shenzhen, 1949–1996. Stimulated by those favorable policies, township enterprises developed rapidly in the Pearl River Delta, and today they account for a large percentage of the total economic growth ( From this investigation and analysis, several research findings were developed. (Note 1) The Pearl River Delta, the World’s Largest Urban Area. ~ enlarge ~ located in the Delta, have the greatest relative gain in in-migration, more than 10 times the average. At the same time, there was significant growth in smaller urban areas. 1988. Table 9-5) and production. SOURCE: The Forty Years of Guangzhou (1949–1988). Images by Nasa. First, the government of Zhuhai municipality has strongly emphasized the strategic importance of protecting the environment, and all city planning, construction, and economic development programs are expected to conform to high environmental standards. ~ enlarge ~ Multiple regression analysis is performed to explore the determinants of economic resilience in the PRD. For example, the policy “Eight Decrees of Environmental Protection” announced by the People's Congress and the municipal government forbids the establishment of any factory that does not have an effective facility for keeping the level of pollution below the required standard; prohibits noise levels in residential areas that exceed 45 decibels; and sets limits on automobile exhaust emissions. A 2015 report concluded that, if taken as a single urban area, the zone is the largest such area in the world in both area and population. But the introduction of stringent regulations led to a decline in the emissions from these enterprises after 1980 and in turn to a decline in soil acidification ( Data generated by a geographic information system (GIS) were used to test these findings. Later, when production surpassed local demand and the economy became fully open, local products were not only consumed within the region, but also exported through interregional, interprovincial, and international trade. Beijing: China Statistical Press. In 2018, cities in the highest quarter of greenness range accommodated only 12% of the total city population; about 69% of the total population lived in areas with a lower greenness. To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. Figure 9-1 and In the 1990s the pressure of population growth on the land, particularly that produced by the in-migrant and floating populations, began to attract more attention from governments at all levels. Various landforms are found in the Delta: wetland, estuary, lowland, plain, dryland, and upland hills. FIGURE 9-2 Total population, Pearl River Delta, 1970–1994. FIGURE 9-5 Urban/built-up areas and farmland, Pearl River Delta, 1960–1995. Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Beijing in China, Sao Paulo in Brazil) 127 cities (15.1%) from … SOURCES: Yao Xinwu and Yinhua. FIGURE 9-9 Gross power consumption of agricultural machinery per hectare of farmland, Dongguan, Huadu, and Zhongshan, 1980–1995. How to provide surplus agricultural laborers with employment opportunities thus became an important issue. Indeed, the economic output per unit of land has increased dramatically; the gross domestic product of Delta cities increased from 6.7 billion yuan in 1980 to 233.3 billion yuan in 1995. Since 1978, almost 30% of all foreign investment in China was in the PRD. Before 1978, environmental quality in the Delta area was fairly good because of the relatively small size of the population and low industrialization levels. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/pearl-river-delta-megacity-2020 FIGURE 9-4 Net migration rate, Pearl River Delta, 1980–1994. But an indirect result has been a sharp increase in population, attracted by a growing economy and protected environment. Adjacent Hong Kong and Macau are not part of the economic zone. In the Delta area it mainly reflects rice production. Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. In the meantime, the proportion of urban/built-up land increased from 2.4 percent in 1973 to 15.7 percent in 1995. More than 90 applications for the transfer of such factories have been rejected. As the most dynamic region in the Chinese Mainland, it is increasingly important as a market. Environment Science and Technology Press of China Rapid economic and population growth have led to serious environmental problems in the Delta region—among other things, high levels of air pollution and large quantities of wastewater and industrial waste residue. Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Beijing in China, Sao Paulo in Brazil) 127 cities (15.1%) from … In 1978 per capita grain consumption in urban areas of Ghangdong Province was 176 kilograms, falling to 88 kilograms by 1995 (see Beijing: China Statistical Press. Prior to 1978, farmers applied few chemical fertilizers to the land. The township population in Guangdong Province grew from 6.88 million in 1985 to 40.80 million in 1990, almost a sixfold increase. The highway system also expanded—by 82 percent from 1980 to 1994, reaching 0.6 kilometers per square kilometer. . In the process, a region that was once largely agricultural has emerged as a manufacturing platform of global importance. It also is a major market for transportation and trade-related services. 4a and d) suggest that the PRD experienced significant population growth. Approach on macro distribution of ecological environment of Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. . Also under this policy, each enterprise must deposit a certain sum of money in a fund managed by the Environmental Protection Bureau. ~ enlarge ~ Overall, as net migration rates rose in the Delta between 1980 and 1994, farmland decreased (see In response to this problem, China adopted the strategy of limiting the expansion of large cities by developing medium and small cities, as well as small towns. From 1950 to 1995, farmland in the Delta region dropped from 550,000 hectares to 310,000 hectares. In 1973 the proportion of farmland to total area was 33.1 percent, dropping to 31.6 percent in 1982, only a slight decline. The Pearl River Delta climate is a humid sub-tropical climate with an average annual temperature of 23°C. 2020 Mar;64(3):501-512. doi: 10.1007/s00484-019-01837-4. There are two opposing trends in urban development: one is the exponential growth of cities and the other is shrinking cities,” which are characterized by a decrease in number of residents. Of the Chinese provinces, Guangdong has one of the highest net in-migration rates, and this rate is considerably higher in the Delta region than in the province as a whole. The third indicator is the proportion of persons who are officially registered as members of nonagricultural households. The difference between a member of the floating population and a migrant is that the member of the floating population does not change his or her household registration and the migrant does. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008, China witnessed gradual shrinkage of cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). 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