the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the lung. Wound Ulceration is caused by. 3. Fibroblastic Repair/Subacute Phase: Can begin at Day 4, up to 6 weeks. What is Repair. Normally a tissue attempts to regenerate the same cells that are damaged; however, in many cases, this cannot be achieved so that replacement with a stromal connective tissue is the best means for achieving the structural continuity. In addition to the adaptive cell changes discussed previously, two commonly encountered specific cell changes are associated with toxic exposures, cellular swelling, and fatty change. These cells are responsible for the removal of debris and killing of bacteria that easily colonize the wound site, and prepare the wound for the proliferative/remodelling phase. Physical agents such as heat and radiation may damage a cell by coagulating their contents (similar to cooking). Damage to one cell type prompts reactions within the tissue to compensate for the injury. The response of cells to toxic injury may be transient and reversible once the stress has been removed or the compensatory cellular changes are made. As with a football team, when one member falters, the others rally to compensate. This in turn changes the intracellular electrolyte balance with an influx of fluids into the cell, causing it to swell. Types of tissues. If the programmed cells do not die, the fetus ends up with incomplete or fingers joined together in a web fashion. Repair By Connective Tissue • Formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) • Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts • Deposition of ECM (scar) • Maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue … Cell swelling is reversible when the cause is eliminated. Tissue engineering, scientific field concerned with the development of biological substitutes capable of replacing diseased or damaged tissue in humans. Major Types of Cell Surface Receptors. It restores both the structure and the function of the tissue after injury. However, this is soon followed by vasodilation so the required cells are able to be recruited to the wound site. With constant fibrotic change, the liver function is continually diminished so that eventually the liver can no longer maintain homeostasis. The cells undergo apoptosis and just appear to "fade away." Maintenance of homoeostasis is achieved by clotting in any damaged regions of the circulatory system. Most wounds, even superficial shallow wounds, result in damage to the circulatory system. Such progressive deterioration in structure and function rapidly leads to cell death or "necrotic cells." • Regeneration. The following describes the most common and proven techniques. Some toxicants induce apoptosis or, in other cases, they inhibit normal physiological apoptosis. Tissue regeneration accelerates the healing process. In this case, there are no specific chemical interactions. Growth factors play a vital role in aiding the connective tissue repair of the body. The category of cells that routinely divide and replace cells that have a limited lifespan is known as: Interference with a chemical that transmits a message across a neural synapse such as the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase by organophosphate pesticides. Muscles and other tissues that support joints weaken when they are not moved enough, causing joints to lose shape and function. Tissue In humans, there are four basic types of tissue: Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue & subtypes The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. The proliferative phase can itself be divided into four phases; in the case of shallow wounds the first two steps may not occur: Following closure of the wound, remodeling can occur. Necrosis is a progressive failure of essential metabolic and structural cell components usually in the cytoplasm. Examples of three cell types of parenchymal cells. The inflammatory response clears the wound site of debris and prevents infection. Squamous epithelium of skin, mouth, vagina, and cervix. When the stromal framework is damaged, the regenerated parenchymal cells may be irregularly dispersed in the organ resulting in diminished organ function. Bassini. There are 2 types of tissue repair. In tissue regeneration, the natural ability of the body to repair and heal is encouraged, mainly by introducing engineered living cells into a diseased or damaged part of the body. Repair : Regeneration of injured tissue by parenchymal cells of the same type or replacement by connective tissue. Muscle tissue is excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement, and occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smoot… During embryonic development, certain cells are programmed to die and are not replaced, such as the cells between each developing finger. Neoplasm or cancers may result, many of which will result in death of the organism and some of which may be cured by medical treatment. However, there are a few situations where a toxic chemical or physical agent can cause cell damage without actually affecting a specific chemical in the cell or its membrane. There are four main final endpoints to the cellular or biochemical toxicity: Figure 1. This is a form of metaplasia. Repair is one of the two tissue healing processes responsible for the healing major types of tissue injury. The tissue response for the labile and stable cells is initially hyperplasia until the organ function becomes normal again. ). 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