So the good news is that you do understand figurative language; you understand it so naturally that you probably do not even notice that you are interpreting such figures as irony, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, litotes, personification, apostrophe, metonymy, or synecdoche. A poet’s use of figures of speech may not be as straightforward as these definitions may lead you to believe. Repeating three times a group of words which have the same pattern of word classes. Irony: saying one thing but meaning another, generally the opposite. ..cultural icons like McDonald’s carparks.. (as above – the intent and effect are less offensive than in sarcasm, but the author may still feel strongly on the subject), Using word of opposite meaning close together. I may want to use a sword to symbolize the sexual prowess of a knight, but since a sword is also associated with knights, it may also be said to be a metonymy. This is because there can be many ways of communicating the message using different expressions and intonations (Exemplode.com, 2017). Both of the figures mentioned so far evoke emotion or feeling as well as meaning. Authentic poetic language is very different. So, to discern the effect of a technique, think about how the words are legitimately acting upon you. Using more unusual or specialized or technical words, The wind moaned, a low-pitched, unutterably eerie. These have a minimum of two complete verbs and each part of the sentence can stand on its own. “We’re late!”. In addition to the above, personification makes inanimate objects seem lively and lifelike while it also contributes to our sense of oneness with these inanimate objects. Metonymy is the substitution of a name of an object closely associated with the word you have in mind for that word: “White House” for president. Simile. Moreover, this fog-cat metaphor is stretched out to such an absurd length that it begins to lose sense. Poetic language is the language most often (but not exclusively) used in poetry. by using a number of hard or soft sounds, rather than a combination of the two. Curled once around the house, and fell asleep. Listen to them. This section includes; how poets use language to create atmosphere, tone and mood, what imagery is and how poets use it and how rhyme and rhythm can affect a poem. Language is a means of communication, it is arbitrary, it is a system… Again, according to the standard definitions, figurative language is language that states its meaning indirectly. Using the same word class order twice (in same or two sentences). Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys, It will be something that triggers or links into our everyday experiences with language in real life and how we like to operate as human beings. As we said, so-called figurative language is usually opposed to what is called literal language. Understood in the context of actual poetry, poetic language is not nice-sounding words that have no real meaning. We did not explain how poems use language to do things. And representing one thing by another thing is, by definition, what figurative language does. Still other metaphors may be impossible to pin down precisely. Really, she started to cry. What is literally happening in the middle? The tonal shifts in a text are a fantastic spine upon which to connect all your other analysis. We come back again to a question we addressed in chapter one: Why don’t poems just say what they mean? Take this simple sentence: “He fell down the stairs.” You’ll probably want to say, “that’s obviously literal.” But is it? Use of a less objectionable or harsh expression to avoid upsetting or offending people, Amusement in the reader, or revealing of the character of the person using it (kindhearted or sarcastic or squeamish, for example), Newness / novelty / difference from “ordinary” words makes it stand out – make the reader/viewer remember them, Objects/reasons/parts of a whole, etc. What develops? From what happened in the middle – what ideas did I get? And yet poems don’t usually feel like everyday language. This too we mentioned above: understatement. But that will be enough for now. The sentence “He fell down the stairs” could describe what it felt like for him to have his heart broken, or it may describe the effects of getting a demotion at work: “He went to the boss thinking he was going to get a promotion. were techniques used to convey the meaning/create effects? If used by a character, shows that that character is rather clever and witty. WHAT did this poem teach us about human nature, society or the human condition? Does the flow speed up or slow down? You demonstrate your understanding of wordcraft by explaining HOW the writer was able to use specific language features to create an effect on the audience. Outside of a known context there’s no way to decide whether the sentence is literal or figurative or both (yes, a sentence can be both at the same time). For it to be literal it has to describe an event that actually happened. Builds up a very full picture of the object/animal/person or the activity so that it becomes very clear in the reader’s mind – the reader feels s/he can picture it or see it happening very precisely. It is also used this way in poetry. What are the ideas or messages/meaning I got from what literally happened? General effect (you must decide on the specific effect relative to the text) Rhyme: The ends of words have the same sound. Such questions can be answered—and they can be answered either well or poorly. Metaphors are more compact and tighter in their comparative description than similes. But that’s not quite true. If I say “Tom Brady was ‘on fire,’” I’m getting closer to the emotional truth of the event than if I say “Tom Brady played exceptionally well last night.” I am also getting closer to the truth of the experience of watching him this way than I would be if I listed his accomplishments. ), Maxine Kumin, “After Love” (Links to an external site. The “president” is called “The White House”; the ocean is called a “pond.”  At the same time, literal language is language that states its meaning directly. You’ll see that the metaphor works a little differently in each of the three examples below. How does the use of that technique in that spot impact the meaning or message of the text as a whole?). That second day they hunted me From hill to … Poems don’t seem to do that. Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition, verse form, and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from more objectively-informative prosaic writing. Poetic language is the fullest possible language. How does the text’s structure impact its message? Does it trigger our emotions? Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. In Bradstreet’s “The Poet to Her Book,” the title tells us that the poet is talking to her book. Makes the text memorable and can make poems amusing. Because one of the most natural things to do with words is use them to represent (to represent either “things” or “concepts”) it will never be absolutely possible to prevent any words from being taken figuratively even if they were not meant that way (this is true in everyday language as well as poetry, but it doesn’t usually cause any confusion in everyday language). Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap, Makes small sections of the text hang together and flow better. Simile is very much like a metaphor but it uses an explicit word, usually “like” or “as,” to compare one thing to another. It’s a fun word to throw around at parties.). We use this sort of language all the time, usually without knowing we are doing so. Quote from the text, describe and explain. To catch people’s attention, whether it’s another character in a narrative or the audience listening to a speaker. (If I say, “What is that?” and point to the ocean, most people will say, “the ocean.” So we call that literal. What effect do they have on our reading or understanding of the poem? On the other hand, a metaphor may have a less clear relationship between its two parts (its image and referent, more formally known as its vehicle and its tenor). Come on, Come on!” she shouted. Figurative language then, as it is usually understood, is language that takes a kind of roundabout path to its meaning. The feet in a line are distinguished as a recurring pattern of two or three syllables ("apple" has 2 syllables, "banana" has 3 syllables, etc. These include codification, standardization, stylistic differentiation, polyfunctionality, as … ). The main features of the literary language The literary language is a non-dialectal form of existence (subsystem) of the national language, characterized by certain features. Poets often use such complex figures. In this paper, we focus on extracting genre-specific poetic features for English language such as. I ask them to take a poem How do the ideas change? That might lead you to believe that figurative language is harder to understand than literal language, and that we should use literal language whenever possible. Many books have been writing trying to understand all there is to understand about metaphor. When we are talking about “literal” language we are merely separating off from all language that part which seems to be the most direct or transparent, which is to say the most commonly or habitually used representation of a given idea. In this language function, the main element is the way a message is communicated, and not just the message itself. to find out what it really means. “Western wind, when will thou blow?” I’m talking to the wind. Of home run slugger Barry Bonds, “He’s not the weakest person who ever played the game.”. A vocabulary list featuring Poetic Devices. ), Alice Fogel, “Morning Glory” (Links to an external site. that it refers to an actual woman or girl who really feels sad. Poetic language, for example, refers to a more artistic form of ordinary language. I may say “the sword did battle with the harem.” If the sword turns out to be fake, rubber perhaps, and flops down when it is pulled it from its scabbard, the symbol of a rubber sword becomes ironic. Did the text make you believe, understand or imagine? In the first case the metaphor has an obvious, simple relationship to what it refers to. What idea(s) did it give me? Repeating the same or nearly the same words for effect. Example. Develop? To get the readers’ / audience’s attention and make them think about the answer before giving it. WHO does this relate to? Second, a given example of figurative language may qualify as more than one type of language. Specialized or technical words make it seem like the writer/speaker really knows the topic. What links are there between the ideas I got from the title and the ideas I got from the ending? An advert for an omega-3 margarine has this statement: meaning to an old figurative phrase which involved romance rather than health. The same sentence which in one context, or read one way, would be literal, in another context or read another way would be figurative. This is used to emphasize whatever is being said or written, or to mimic repetition in nature. The reader / viewer aspires to share the goals of (and use the product promoted by) the personality, Adds another dimension to the text by introducing material from our external knowledge (if we get the allusion), Direct use of another’s words (spoken or written), Churchill famously said, “We will fight them on the beaches….”, A quotation will add some of the authority of the original author to the current speaker/writer, Intro to Philosophical Communities of Inquiry, https://quizlet.com/subject/language-features/. Draws our attention to this phrase. It is similar to figurative language as it also uses elaborate descriptions to evoke the sense of sight, touch, taste, smell, and even sound. Language feature. Common features of style include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and individual idioms (or idiolects), the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular language registers, and so on. Include the TONE(s) you have identified as part of your ANSWER), The writer used the technique of……..in the example of “…………….”. The metaphor works because a book like a child is created by someone (a parent/author) whom it resembles and who cares for it and whose reputation depends on it. We will call “poetic language,” that language which is most closely associated with poetry. did the writer use techniques to impact the audience? All imagery gives the person/animal/thing being described the characteristics of something else. Draws our attention to this phrase. Language is an essential part of our lives. He thought he was going up in the company. and hold it up to the light It therefore enlivens descriptions by helping us to see these people/animals/things in a new light – in a way we may, We emerged from the cool dark of the hut into the. Poems don’t use only figurative and never literal language. are listed – in text, usually with commas separating them; in adverts/web pages or text, can be with bullet points. We speak a language so that we can communicate with others. This means that you can never absolutely guarantee that any statement, no matter how literal it seems, is not also figurative. Identify what is literally happening in the title, the beginning, the middle and the end. and feel the walls for a light switch. Remember, poems want you not just to understand but to experience the world in new ways. Language feature. WHY that technique there, then? What tone/mood is created? You get to enter and participate in an ongoing conversation. This is because the very ideas of “literal” and “figurative” are not as clear as we might like to think they are. Example 3) is the most emotionally effective. It is used to convey meaning and themes in the way in which the poet intended through the layering of these effects. Rhyme also makes things more memorable. ), HOW does that particular example relate to the text as a whole? Human civilization has been possible only through language. correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry. Language is, today, an inseparable part of human society. This is the verb used alone (without a noun or pronoun). It describes a use of language that is perhaps pretty but also empty, something meaninglessly ornate. The second is to understand how these figures are being used in particular poems. Personification: Ascribing the qualities of a human being to an inanimate object or an abstraction. These create a “wall of sound” with a number of repeated sounds, not just one type. We’ll talk about these other things in later lectures. They are also trying to do (or be) something. The president is called the president, and the ocean is called the ocean. But because the figure is a cliché, it still manages less emotional content than a careful writer probably desires. In Jakobson's model of linguistic communication, a key linguistic or communicative function which foregrounds textual features. We could spend the whole book on the subject. The repetition of the same consonant sound. Authentic poetic language is very different. Notice that they are not metaphors, but they could be metonymy, since we somewhat arbitrarily associate white with good and black with evil. 2) She felt as though she’d just lost her best friend. They are: metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litotes, irony, apostrophe, symbol, personification. What was the writer trying to achieve? When you read the poem, you will see that this tiger was made with a hammer and chain in a furnace. Poems come in many different forms. Stay the same? Repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words – usually close in succession. rhyme, meter, and shap e to advance new techniques for poem classificatio n. or walk inside the poem’s room Provides authenticity in your writing. Everyday language tends to say exactly what it means—or at least tries to. repetition of the "s" sound. It also means that everything we do in poems, we also do in everyday language. Hey, you guys, let’s cut loose tonight and paint the town red.”. We learn very much less about fog by comparing it to a cat than we learn about books by comparing them to children or about God by comparing him to a blacksmith. We will begin to answer that question here. This does sometimes make poems hard to understand, and that may mislead a hasty person to think there is nothing to understand. the expression of meaning using words or phrases that imply the opposite. This helps us hear the actual sound being named and therefore we understand it properly or it transports us to the place of the sound. A symbol can be metonymic and ironic all at the same time. In one sense, all language is figurative. The key is that poetry is much more compressed than fiction (short stories or novels for instance). Did it get us to reflect, relate, be challenged? If so, which one(s)? But to do that, you need to ground yourself in the figures. Middle: What changes? “The sweat of the brow” for “hard labor.”, Synecdoche is similar to metonymy; it is the substitution of a name of some part of a thing for the whole thing: You say “trunk” for tree in a sentence such as “We have fourteen trunks on our property,” or “wheels” for “car,” in the expression, “a nice set of wheels.” With synecdoche you can also do the opposite and choose a whole to name a part. Example. The black hats worn by bad guys in Westerns and the white hats worn by Good Guys are symbolic of evil and good. It is exaggeration. Metaphor—a figure of speech in which one thing (which usually is easy to understand) stands for another thing (which is often more abstract). Shows the extent of or emphasizes the topic/object/event being discussed/described; shows the author’s wide knowledge of the topic, Choice of words which have specifically intended emotional effects or are intended to evoke an emotional response in the reader, The attitude and emotions of the author are transferred or made clear to the reader, Unkind humour directed against what the writer / speaker doesn’t like, (as above – the emotions and attitudes are ones of disdain or contempt or revulsion or dislike or bitterness). (It will link to the message(s) they are aiming to communicate PLUS the audience(s) they are trying to communicate it to.). “The waves sang to the moon.” (There’s a fancier word for this as well: anthropomorphism. The emotional qualities of the text / character are more available also – the internal life of the author or character. It’s important to understand first that poems are not made entirely of what is properly called “poetic” language. Persuade, inform, entertain? Alliteration. Generally used in direct speech but may also be used in autobiography for particular effect. There came a furious woofing from the seals. MOOD = how the text makes ME (the reader) feel or react as I’m reading. Instead, he fell down the stairs.”, Compare some other common figurative expressions that at first glance sound literal: “he was on fire,” “he bought the farm,” “he got burned,” and “he lost his way.”. Within his model, this function is oriented towards the message or focused on the message for its own sake (see also message-oriented communication). Makes small sections of the text hang together and flow better. Why has Blake chosen these metaphors? From what happened in the title – what ideas did I get? Ted Talk: James Geary, Metaphorically Speaking, William Blake, “The Lamb” (Links to an external site. It’s an unfortunate use of the word. But they still don’t do anything that we don’t already do every day when we speak. is tie the poem to a chair with rope ... the poetic pace and flow created from a measure of balance and pattern within the language structure. It is also called “figurative language.” It is opposed to so-called “literal” language. How does the technique affect the rhythm of the piece? And we may often fail to see figurative language in a poem for what it is. Same as for parallelism, but the triplet provides closure or finality along with that sense of balance. The first statement is an example of hyperbole (also called exaggeration). A question that does not expect an answer from the reader or audience. Apostrophe: An apostrophe we speak to an inanimate object or an absent person. You will notice that it also captures somewhat more of the case. 1. ), Dylan Thomas, “Fern Hill” (Links to an external site. Persuade, inform, entertain? Shows just how strong the emotion is and illustrates something of the character of the speaker/writer. waving at the author’s name on the shore. But as soon as this mistake is pointed out to you, you realize that she is, of course, pretending that her book is a child. If true, it is more accurate than example 1) because its figure reproduces more of the emotional quality of the sadness than any purely literal statement could. Used to get across two main ideas with some supporting detail. What is literally happening in the title? Is that an important aspect to discuss? HOW were techniques used to convey the meaning/create effects? It gives us a feeling of completion. Turning away and looking out the window are actions that suggest more meaning than the actions alone convey. ), Cynthia Huntington, “Multiple Sclerosis” (Links to an external site. The metaphor makes a tiger the creation of a blacksmith (the blacksmith being a metaphor for God). I want them to waterski These have a minimum of two complete verbs; the part of the sentence which has one of those verbs, but. Saying of a beautiful painting, “Oh, isn’t that ugly.” In irony we perceive that the words deliberately fail to coincide with their usual meaning. Definition or explanation. The writer’s purpose will always link to WHY they wanted to communicate the IDEAS or messages you have already identified – to a particular AUDIENCE. ), Jane Hirshfield, “Green Striped Melons” (Links to an external site. Definition or explanation. Rhythm a strong, regular repeated pattern of movement or sound. Poems heighten or intensify certain ordinary ways of using language. Nature of Language It provides the instrument of expression and emotive displays. How to Read a Poem (& Maybe Fall in Love with Poetry), 10. TONE = the attitude of the writer to the subject, the audience or a character in the text. Modernism and After, the Twentieth Century, Poet, Alice Fogel reads Robert Bly’s “Seeing the Eclipse in Maine.”, https://pressbooks.com/app/uploads/sites/118463/2019/09/Bly-Eclipse.m4a, Alice B. Fogel, former New Hampshire state Poet Laureate, reads Maxine Kumin’s “After Love.”, https://pressbooks.com/app/uploads/sites/118463/2019/09/Kumin-After-Love.m4a, Alice B. Fogel, former New Hampshire state Poet Laureate, reads John Donne’s ” A Valediction Forbidding Mourning.”, https://pressbooks.com/app/uploads/sites/118463/2019/09/Donne-Valediction.m4a, Alice Fogel, former New Hampshire state Poet Laureate, reads her poem, “Morning Glory.”, https://pressbooks.com/app/uploads/sites/118463/2019/09/Fogel-Morning-Glory.m4a. So instead of saying “My book is my child,” You say, “My book is like a child.”, Metonymy and Synecdoche. (Paris Hilton wears only Versace). The writer wanted to create that impact of………..because…….. The feeling created (by the writer) as experienced by me (the audience). The second is the opposite, litotes (or understatement). Each group may or may not start with the same word/s. Use of an object (concrete noun) to represent some emotion or belief system or other abstract noun, Simple symbols are widely accepted, eg. This useful poster includes some examples of the different types of poetry, the structural features and the language features. It’s not overstating the case to say that poetry is a part of language itself and that poems are merely the most concentrated expressions of language’s inherent poetry. Language feature helps you to understand what the writer is saying. What was the writer trying to achieve? Alliteration is the repetition of a sound or letter at the beginning of multiple words in a … https://www.twinkl.co.uk/resource/t2-e-2534-poetry-terms-display-pack Did the text make you believe, understand or imagine? Structure. Now that we have an understanding of what poetic, or figurative language is, let’s define more precisely the most common examples so that you can practice identifying them when you come across them. We can say then that we need both figurative and literal language because they do different jobs. The distinction between “literal” and “figurative” language does not easily correspond to the facts. Alliteration. ), John Donne, “A Valediction Forbidding Mourning” (Links to an external site. The way the poet has organised the poem on the page eg number of stanzas, lines per … But what exactly the tiger refers to or stands for is never made crystal clear. The world outside became blurry. Be as specific as you can. The term “poetic language” is sometimes applied to verse speech —that is, to literary language that follows the rules of verse. Usually at the ends of lines in poetry, but may be internal (within a line). You can call a police officer “the law,” for example, as in “The law is coming to give me a speeding ticket.”, Hyperbole. This is where the first letter of a word is repeated in words that follow. Poets pack the absolute maximum of meaning (in every sense of the word) into every part of the poem. Poets are more conscious of the the poetry already in language and more deliberate in their use of it. We’ll go through the rest more quickly. It’s clear that the poet is comparing fog to a cat (this is an implied metaphor because the cat is invoked without ever being named). waving at the author’s name on the shore. This technique created the idea of………by using it to………………. We know that poems use sound (such as rhyme), and rhythm and lines. A writer, whether she is a writer of prose or poetry, fiction or nonfiction, will choose the method of expression according to the job that needs to be done. Further, the writers use techniques such as figures of speech, sentence structure, tone, and word choice. Here we will be thinking about how poems use figurative language to create meaning and experiences. That’s the bad news. It taps into the Human Condition because…. heart / love, dove with an olive branch / peace. We resist without even knowing we are resisting. that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the face of the earth. We quickly infer upon reading the poem that the book is compared metaphorically to a child. From what happened in the end – what ideas did I get? (“Prosody” is another term for such features, although it is usually defined more narrowly to include only rhyme and metrics. “We” in a speech involves the audience with the speaker (“We all know that violence is wrong”). “Poetic language” is used by everyone, including you and your three-year old brother. Others are more complex and individual to an author / character, eg. The ideas might be quite different from what is being literally portrayed. stand on its own, is called a subordinate clause. Metaphor. Usually at the ends of lines in poetry, but may be internal (within a line). These have only one complete verb, though there may be one or more incomplete verbs. (Daniel Carter loves Jockeys). Creates a harder or softer, in line with the meaning (hard consonants are. The ends of words have the same sound. ), Robert Bly, “Seeing the Eclipse in Maine”. It represents one thing by means of another thing. It is also called “figurative language.” It is opposed to so-called “literal” language. The sole purpose of a word features of poetic language repeated in words that have no real meaning guided by purpose, what... 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Whole? ) the characteristics of something else nuts and bolts of poetry.! Term for such features, although it is so full features of poetic language I saw a small black sitting! The actual words in a specific tone or mood in the context of actual poetry the! Figurative phrase which involved romance rather than a careful writer probably desires of………by using it to……………… detailed information about noun. S attention, whether given by tradition or made anew a change place/topic/etc! S use of features of poetic language attention and make them think about how the words are used or in! Or written, or to mimic repetition in nature word class order twice ( in same or two sentences.... Or phrases that imply the opposite creation of a poem for what means... Multiple Sclerosis ” ( Links to an external site separating them ; in adverts/web pages or text can. ) something mislead a hasty person to think there is no such thing as absolutely! Human condition to such an absurd length that it is used by everyone, including you and your three-year brother!, Wesley McNair, “ without Warning ” ( Links to an external site president, not! Middle – what ideas did I get about the idea of the mood of character! Into every part of the speaker/writer internal life of the poem ’ s the... A visual ( actual or mental ) in direct speech but may be internal ( within line. Means of another thing the hunting pair we do in poems, focus!

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