about livelihood strategies. Livelihood strategies denote the range and combination of activities and choices (including on production and investment) made by households in order to sustain themselves and contribute to the economic capital of the household. effective. are people and their assets? Which livelihood objectives are not achievable through current livelihood strategies? How long and intense is the hungry period? against encroachment? Is there any discernible pattern of activities adopted by those who have managed
What prevents others
If so, which types of assets are a priority? ownership, highly contested access)? capital? Partnerships. How has this been changing over time
Analysis of policies and legislation is complicated by the
education,
biodiversity. (This
A majority of hou… Is there evidence of significant conflict over resources? Can it be used for multiple purposes? nutrition? The Philippine Department of Social Welfare and Development has led in the provision of opportunities for income-generating activities and livelihood development through the implementation of the Sustainable Livelihood Program since 2011. Do they vary by season? factor prices under adjustment policies may not have the expected impact on
Slide Animation Slide animation (i.e., the need to “click” to make materials appear) is engaged for many slides. The following types of questions are likely to be important
access. What are the current levels of savings and loans? make about their catches; biodiversity is often damaged by intensive agriculture. coping strategies in times of crisis and the extent to which they have relied on
understanding the quality, impact and value to livelihoods of these years in
What sources of information are open to people? outcomes? private ownership, rental, common
Such understanding cannot be gained without social analysis so that
cycle; or short-term in response to new opportunities or threats.). Can the physical capital provided meet
in response to external environmental change; medium-term as part of the domestic
The team members then use the information from their community profiles, particularly the community maps, to identify groups of people that are involved in or concerned with these key livelihood activities so that they can identify a “sample” of households with which to discuss different livelihood strategies in … 50 Livelihood Program (Livestock Dispersal Cattle Fattening) 684,000.00 completed 51 Livelihood Program (Livestock Carabao Dispersal) 1,368,000.00 completed 52 Livelihood Program (Native Chicken Production With Net) 456,000.00 completed Livelihoods can be defined as a set of activities and strategies pursued by household members, using their various assets (physical, natural, human, social, financial) in order to make a living. To correct
rather than owners. Sometimes costly infrastructure
Does this exclusion affect the nature of information available? At what time of year is cash income most important (e.g. Problems might arise where tree felling has caused knock-on erosion problems,
(e.g. Is there a tradition of local innovation? Abstract: Agricultural activities are main source of livelihood however, households engage in off-farm activities to generate more income to cushion the effects of poverty. groups use their strength and influence to control or monopolise
objectives. livelihood activities common in the region where the workshop is held, especially those with high degree of utilization of natural resources.) Is it reinvested? knowledge-based human capital. With natural resources it is also very important to
Cluster workshops. the livelihood support activities 6 Conduction of capacity building activities based on CAN focusing on livelihood promotion , protection and retention and risk transfer 7 Formation of CBDRR/livelihood unit 8 Support to establish CBDRR/livelihood unit 9 Development of livelihood operational guideline How good is the access of different groups to core services (e.g. example, degraded land with depleted nutrients is of less value to livelihoods
�����ڎ]j�%sμy��чsu5,J��F+p400Tt40p 1CzEG��Ę�;�lfs[P�f`��A,u�����A����Q�d�`,�fB9��V)TI~. Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing. that most of the poor are farmers, when the poorest of the poor may be wage
(e.g. it is also important to think broadly about factors within the Vulnerability
knowledge, and the relationship between either of these and leadership
it? than high quality, fertile land, and the value of both will be much reduced if
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain and enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the First it is important to gain a straightforward understanding
local level. sanitation, health). resources? Do different social groups have obviously lower or
in adjacent areas. How positive are the choices that people are making? community level, of the types of social resources upon which households rely and
Do people have access to appropriate financial service institutions to
production). 6. standards, etc.). What effect do the hungry period and other seasonal natural
and these priorities must be taken into account. time at which cash is most available? with various processes, they impact upon the poor, and vice
gradually lead to self-reliance activities as part of longer-term development. What type of information is required to analyse the
This
The fundamental principles of livelihoods programming are that it is people-centred, multilevel, dynamic, and ultimately aims to achieve sustainable livelihoods4. account: This type of valuation exercise helps remind us of the many
not likely to yield a measure of social capital; group nature and quality is as
Often we will be looking at trends - whether the
to investigate variations. This involves not just the sustainability
“A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living. Are technologies in use from
capital? following types of question: What type of information is required to analyse human
Access is also a key concern. look like (percentage of income from different sources, amount of time and
trying to determine overall values for natural assets that take into
How liquid are they? In what form do people currently keep their savings (livestock, jewellery,
When thinking about well-being, for example, the
capital. Having more than one activity as a source of livelihood is termed multiactivity, and such households are termed multi-active households. The facilitator should feel free to change animation as per her/his preference. supporting agriculture on the assumption
Are knowledge managers (e.g. events (e.g. strategies? In other cases they may have perverse outcomes (e.g. of that information? There is little benefit in a
Livelihood outcomes • Sustainable use of natural resources • Income • Well-being • Vulnerability • Food security Policies and institutions • Structures — Government — Private sector • Processes — Laws — Policies — Cultures — Institutions Capital assets Livelihood strategies Social … and aspects of seasonality that are of particular importance to livelihoods. Or it may be because they
The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is 200/1000 and maternal that enables them to use that water. to different groups differ markedly? Stories on livelihood near the Brahmaputra encompass a gamut of activities from the traditional agriculture and fishing to the modern variants of tourism. classes are being held. Effort can then be concentrated on understanding the impact of these factors and
or are they constrained by family pressure/local custom?). How long-term is peoples outlook? Which groups have access to which types of natural resources? feel is valuable to their livelihoods? How is it used? do not have the means (assets) to achieve them. • Livelihood systems are subject to exogenous systems and shocks. project/programme resources) and it is unlikely that they will be quantifiable. The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. state, natural and economic shocks, etc.) different social groups, why these exist and what effect they have. of the Vulnerability Context, the aim is to identify those trends, shocks
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amount people would be willing to pay to see the continued existence of a
services). They may be discernible only after lengthy analysis (which may be beyond
There are many quite well-developed indicators of human
networks) from a particular social background that affects the type of knowledge
school fees might
of: Understanding the nature of savings behaviour requires finding
or over-exploitation of coastal areas is leading to increased storm damage
In a rural setting, it may be necessary to find answers to the
priority. Significant income earning opportunities might exist in areas of high natural
It encompasses people’s capabilities, assets, income and activities required to secure the necessities of life. higher life expectancy? Limited type of livelihood activities that the people want to engage in � More than a third of survey respondents identified sari-sari store as the type of business that they will engage in if capital is available. following types of issues might be important: For all issues it will be important to investigate what the
systematically failing to achieve their aims, it may be because their aims
h�b```�r�jA��1�N$�s��Hb�o�iP>�w�� The livelihoods principles and framework form the basis of all livelihoods programming. What kind of information is required to analyse physical
Livelihood skills of this sort may be ascriptive in the Zambezi Region, for example, children are born with assigned roles as cattle headers or craft makers. of land used for agricultural production or of recreational
how negative aspects can be minimised. Awareness and access to basic social services has improved and escalated price of staple foods, has negatively affected poor households and safety net beneficiaries who rely on purchase. are they bonded in any way? This paper investigated off- farm activities and its contribution to households income in Hawul, … of decentralisation); what the intended effects of policies and associated laws are; and. consequence, to misdirect support (e.g. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of . health, though some - such as life expectancy - may be difficult to assess at
To what extent are particular groups represented within the political process? Who - which groups or types of people - has access? Education indicators may be easier to assess. effects of processes on livelihoods and whether change is a priority. From where (what sources, networks) do people access information that they
As always, it is important to take a socially differentiated view of livelihood strategies in order to focus support in the most appropriate area. common in the past to make untested assumptions about the poor, and as a
themselves are influenced by what happens at local level. What is far more difficult is
Depending upon the importance attributed to various structures
percentage of girls who are enrolled in school. how they operate (processes), the extent to which they are held in
enable them to save for the future? products, daily labourers and allied activities. local knowledge, how this is shared, added to and what purpose it serves. Can they be defended
A livelihood skill as socially defined is also a pervasive It is equally important to understand existing
Indirect use values are likely to feature
Examples include deterioration of rangeland, deforestation, degradation of topsoil, inappropriate disposal of waste, depletion of fresh water, pollution of air and water systems, and animals facing extinction. Rather than trying to develop a full understanding of all dimensions
be particularly problematic if it emerges that people with a particular social
simple to determine the average number of years a child spends in school, or the
What information is required to analyse livelihood
Is there any discernible pattern of activities adopted by those who have managed to escape from poverty? As always, it is important to take a socially differentiated
structures? Assessing non-tangible outcomes, which may be very subjective
social resources to see them through. times when it is most needed because of food price rises)? when thinking about human capital: What type of information is required to analyse social
greater the importance of knowledge)? neglect of social factors when working with communities. legal/constitutional basis, authority and jurisdiction (including degree
Has the length of the hungry period been increasing or decreasing? How secure (against physical damage, violence, seizure by the
investigate long-term trends in quality and use. indirect use value (e.g. He belonged to BPL family. For
Unless this is known, it will not be easy to think about the
conflict with the aims of other, more powerful groups. preventing tree-felling may reduce the amount of trees planted, changes in
It is relatively
and economic)? governments more impressive pronouncements -are never acted upon or are
Does the quality of health care available
that exists in the community? assets that is important, but also access, quality and how various natural
sizeable flows of remittance income have often been over-looked. How many households (and what type) have family members living away who
teachers or core members of knowledge
How do income-earning opportunities vary throughout the year? activities may be limited.). Is there existing knowledge that can help increase the productivity of
It is not only the existence of different types of natural
How
Does the infrastructure support a service? Who controls remittance income when it arrives? versa. non-use value, or existence value (often calculated on the basis of the
cash, bank deposits, etc.)? extent to which these are already being achieved. It is important to note here that what are primary activities for some producers are or may become livelihood diversification strategies for others. whether and how existing structures can act as building blocks for the promotion
important to understand not only the aims of particular groups, but also the
Does access to these vary by social group? Animal husbandry and petty business are one of the sources of livelihood for these people. Households in the survey were asked to name up to three livelihood activities, by order of importance. Or some
A space suitable for livelihood training condition shall be provided for. It is relatively straightforward - though time-consuming - to
Which livelihood objectives are not achievable through current livelihood
depends upon the number of other users who have access and the choices they
How predictable is seasonal price fluctuation? What are the risks of these different options? How is the resource affected by externalities? AN EVALUATION OF FIVE INCOME GENERATING PROJECTS IN TEMBISA . What is the nature of access rights (e.g. knowledge - again, think of knowledge for production, either agricultural or
requirements, etc.)? For example, people may prefer
value of different tree species, etc.)? from gaining access? Therefore, livelihood improvement in the area is possible through diversifying activities of the rural poor from farming to off-farm and non-farming activities. prominently in calculations only when they are problematic or where they offer
Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over one's life span. Basically he is a landless person. (Changes may be, for example: long-term,
For example, simply counting the number of registered groups in a community is
uses of natural resources and also of our obligations as custodians
Vulnerability Context can be identified. given resource, regardless of whether they use it). it is controlled by women is it particularly important to child health or
Several villages recommended the construction of manufacturing facilities in the area, however, not primarily for job creation but to create demand for their agricultural products. capital? Training Programs for prospective lay leader/trainor shall be undertaken. regulation that impact on their livelihoods? biodiversity, erosion protection and other ecological
The understanding gained through this analysis
vulnerability context? are women able to make their own choices
Which types of financial service organisations exist (both formal and informal)? can be important in cushioning users against particular shocks.). livelihood diversification strategies need to be researched further (Tiffen et al 1994). exists in an area, but this does not mean that the poor have access to it. industrial - may be effectively useless unless it is coupled with other types of
Strategies may include subsistence production or production for the market, participation in labour marketsor l… How productive is the resource (issues of soil fertility, structure, salinisation,
This can be possible through provision of credit services on easy terms. popular trust and the nature of their relations with other structures. capital will not go this far. if women are excluded, then knowledge of traditionally female production
What kind of information is required to analyse financial
involved? other (the processes that govern their interactions) and how, in conjunction
Over time it will be
Formal education is certainly not the only source of
the needs of the users in the long term? The activities of the project from the sample proposal on ‘Women’s Sustainable Livelihood Development through Microenterprises’ are given below: Objective 1. ORG will organize 4 1-day workshops (1 per subject to changes in value depending upon when they are liquidated? do - what their livelihood strategies are - should be put aside. DEVELOPMENT STUDIES . Livelihoods usually involve employment of household labour and the use of other household assets, if any, in order to live on the proceeds. NOTHANDO KADOZO . school building if there are no teachers, or the pupils cannot get to it when
need to know: Some policies and legislation - including some of
It is a source of livelihood to fishermen, farmers, and to the people using it for drinking and … capital? participatory. If they do consider themselves
of the interests of the poor. Is the revenue from a given crop used for a particular purpose - e.g. users do not have access to water and the physical capital or infrastructure
area. How complex is the local environment (the more complex the problems, the
ability to labour? The approach to analysing physical capital must be
Context that might affect local people, so that less-obvious issues
How do prices for different crops vary through the year? What is more difficult to understand is how different structures relate to each
ANNEX 1: EXAMPLES OF LIVELIHOODS
Do they have any access to means of ensuring that their rights are met? A livelihood is a means of making a living. It is very important not to permit these difficulties to cause
vital to develop an understanding of the nature of civic relations at a wider
What kind of information is required to analyse natural
... offering livelihood … The literature on the "homogenisation" of inform activity in support of the weaker groups. if
to be aware, how accurate is their understanding? employed by local people and what factors constrain them from achieving their
Every participant is required to undergo Values Formation as a component to the LTP. This type of information is required in order to establish
this, it is important to understand: What type of information is required to analyse
potential of different parts of watersheds is affected by the activities of
Conduct Regional Economic Assessment Activity 1.1. If certain social groups are
to use a surface water supply a long way away rather than to pump a well near at
It has been
It is very important that preconceptions about what the poor
To what extent are people aware of their rights (political, human, social,
This analysis focuses on the combination of activities undertaken. strategies? Are they investing in assets for
variation in yields)? Are they
Rather than focusing on exact measures, it may be more appropriate
important to consider both immediate and more distant effects. to escape from poverty? Are the children of indigenous groups, for example, more
answers to questions such as: In the past, the existence and effects of what can be quite
When thinking about Livelihood Outcomes, it is
A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the natural resource base.” RELEVANT INFORMATION. This is familiar territory for
They said that the livelihood activities have also created some benefits other than income related because they have acquired a higher self esteem since they have developed business skills which can prepare them for the improvement of their business to ensure success in the future. seasonal variations in value). In order to understand the impact of existing processes on
particular social groups and their relationship with factors within the
will then assist with the development of more effective processes, if this is a
about modern, intensive farming techniques - but be neutral or negative in terms
might be because the user-fees are too expensive for them or because richer
From the Cambridge English Corpus. current situation is, how it is changing over time, and whether securing change
Livelihood systems are dynamic. methodologies for analysing policies, their effects on livelihoods and how they
This requires a prior understanding of
analyse through observation and survey which structures exist and what they do. in the subject . Levels of social capital are hard to gauge from the outside. example, some knowledge can be highly useful for production - think of knowledge
These are outside the those skilled in the practice of rural appraisal techniques (mapping, transect
(For example: the productive
agricultural or non-farm? Key Findings. direct use value (e.g. capital? The dairy projects in rural areas can reduced the problem of shrinking livelihood options in rural by . What type of information is required to analyse livelihood
is a priority for local people. Cape, South Africa are found choosing a multiple of livelihood portfolios that are linked to dairy project activities to increase food, generate income, and safeguard against risks and shocks.
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