Strongly believing that spiritual inspiration is seminal in creating great art, her work was influenced by nature, Zen Buddhism, and Taoism. A style that evolved as a reaction to Minimalism during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Like the painters, Minimalist sculptors attempted to make their works totally objective, unexpressive, and non-referential. The Minimalist philosophy, as we could see, glorifies a style in which it all comes down to its simplest, most necessary elements. For that reason they attempted to rid their works of any extra-visual association. © 2013-2021 Widewalls | Minimalism has long been associated with art. It was all sealed with the 1966 Primary Structures group exhibition held at the Jewish Museum in New York and Sol LeWitt’s Paragraphs on Conceptual Art written in 1967. Check out more works by Frank Stella on our marketplace. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The concept behind the movement was propounded by the critic, Clement Greenberg, who had a powerful influence over many of the artists and designers of his era. Regarded as one of the early proponents of Minimalism, Robert Morris was guided by the vision of art pared down to simple geometric shapes stripped of metaphorical associations. All images used for illustrative purposes only. Minimalismus als Lebensstil stellt eine Art Gegenbewegung zu Konsumwahn und Materialismus dar. He advocated the use of simple forms in order for the sculptures to be grasped intuitively by the viewer. Minimalism employs no emotional content, yet it conveys a strong one with its viewer, which is why it managed to break down all barriers and to meet no limitations on its short but impactful journey through art and life. His work was pivotal in the creation of the new radical aesthetics of the 1960s. In Minimalist music, the traditional treatment of form and development was rejected in favour of explorations of timbre and rhythm—musical elements largely unfamiliar to Western listeners. A turning point in the history of Modernism, Minimal art introduced a new way of producing, looking at and experiencing artworks in the manner of a proper avant-garde. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, John McCracken, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella. Over time, he moved from a monochrome palette to include a wide range of colors. The innovations in the field came through materials as well, where steel, concrete, and glass provided new challenges to overcome[6]. La Monte Young, for example, composed a number of electronic “continuous frequency environments,” in which he generated a few pitches and then electronically sustained them, sometimes for days or weeks. He once stated: “In my work, I don’t want you to look at the surface; I want you to look at the form, the relationships”. Rising to prominence in 1959 with a series of black striped paintings, Stella made a decisive departure from Abstract Expressionism. The Minimalists, who believed that Action painting was too personal and insubstantial, adopted the point of view that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself. Art Deco 1910 – 1940 Art Deco was a popular design movement from 1920 until 1939, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion, painting, the graphic arts, and film. Helping establish Conceptual Art and Minimalism of the postwar era, Sol LeWitt created wall drawings, structures, painting and conceptual pieces. Focused on the artwork's interaction with the viewer, he believed that the simplicity of the shape doesn’t imply the simplicity of the experience. The 141 pages of color and black-and-white photographs (including rare glimpses of early work by some artists) and a generous assembly of texts by such key commentators as Michael Fried, Barbara Rose, Rosalind Krauss, and the artists themselves. Pre-order our book YOU ARE AN ARTIST (which includes new assignments!) The early examples of such visual impact can also be found in the work of Le Corbusier in the 1920s, who also looked to establish functional architectural designs with the minimum focus on appearance. In this highly readable history of minimalist art James Meyer argues that "minimalism" was not a coherent movement but a field of overlapping and sometimes opposed practices. Their frequent grid-based compositions asked for the artist’s originality and the creation of a special relationship between the viewer and the artwork and in many cases this relationship aimed for physical direct contact in order to work[4]. Like Young, Morton Feldman tried to eliminate variation. She continued making visionary paintings for over three decades. In visual arts, music, and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Quick view Read more. Although radical, and rejecting many of the concerns of the immediately preceding abstract expressionist movement, earlier abstract movements were an important influence on the ideas and techniques of minimalism. Another example of Minimalism in design would be the Swedish furniture company Ikea, which promotes a sort of purity through the fact anyone can assemble their pieces with ease. The expression is used specifically in relation to music and the visual arts, but can refer to any field using minimalism as a critical reference point. By revealing the industrial materials used in construction, he helped define modern architecture. Corrections? In Minimalist visual arts, the personal, gestural elements were stripped away in order to reveal the objective, purely visual elements of painting and sculpture. Und das kann glücklich … It is characterized by an emphasis on process and conception over the finished object, the demystification of the artistic process through the employment of chance methods, and the use of nontraditional, ‘poor’ materials, such as latex and felt. Minimalism was everything but conventional, and artists like Sol LeWitt, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Anthony Caro and Tony Smith all experimented with different aspects of physicality and space. We aim at providing better value for money than most. In both music and the visual arts, Minimalism was an attempt to explore the essential elements of an art form. The US minimalist movement represents an increasingly popular critical reflection on the ills of consumerism and an effort to forge new ways of living amidst consumer capitalism. Minimalism, chiefly American movement in the visual arts and music originating in New York City in the late 1960s and characterized by extreme simplicity of form and a literal, objective approach. Razor-sharp and bulky, these paintings could easily be considered something else, although they were not exactly sculptures, which still had their own successful category. Hard-edge painting is characterized by large, simplified, usually geometric forms on an overall flat surface; precise, razor-sharp contours; and broad areas of bright, unmodulated colour that have been stained into unprimed canvas. In that period, … Reacting against the complex, intellectually sophisticated style of modern music, several composers began to compose in a simple, literal style, thereby creating an extremely simple and accessible music. How Long Minimalism Has Been a Movement . Dia Beacon, a museum of mainly Minimalist pieces, exhibits a permanent collection of the best-known artists in the movement. Also known as ABC art, literal art, reductivism, systematic painting and art of the real, Minimalism was present in almost every sphere of our lives. Earlier European abstract movements greatly influenced American minimalist art creators. Apart from visual arts, architecture and design, its influence can be found in literature and music, in plays and novels of Samuel Beckett and the compositions of John Cage and Philip Glass. Updates? The term suggests that we are now using what we learned in the “modern” period, but mixing it with ideas from the more distant past. The goal was to reduce the subject to essentials that were all functional, thus creating void spaces and a sense of freedom, in a way. Sol LeWitt redefined the art production, reducing it to its essentials. So wirst du Minimalist:in. Yet, his practice exceeded Minimalist ethos, being at the forefront of some other movements such as Process Art and Land Art. In Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty (1970; Great Salt Lake, Utah), the artist’s manipulation of the . have served as the motto for Minimalism, an art movement that really began in the 1960s, although there were some earlier manifestations. Another group of composers—Philip Glass, Steve Reich, Cornelius Cardew, and Frederic Rzewski—was influenced by the music of India, Bali, and West Africa. It differs from other types of geometric abstraction in that it rejects both lyrical and mathematical composition because, even in this simplified field, they are a means of personal expression for the artist. Post-Modernism - Minimalism Post-Modernism is a term that refers to events after the so-called Modern period. They turned for inspiration to the impassive, quiet works of Barnett Newman and Ad Reinhardt, exponents of the colour-field branch of Abstract Expressionist painting. Believing that the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work, he perceived creation as an intellectual and pragmatic act. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella. Written by Angie Kordic and Elena Martinique. Calling himself a “matterist”, he claimed that his sculptures explore the properties of matter. Her pieces capture the innocence and simplicity of everyday life. As such, it was widely accepted in the fields of Minimal architecture and design, which were more than willing to explore, interpret and apply the dynamics of clean elements. While accepting that the use of industrial materials and constructive principles provided the technical paradigm for advanced sculpture, Donald Judd and Robert Morris took their lead from…, …then declined in imitative, all-too-reductionist. Rejecting classical ideals of representational sculpture, his pieces assumed a direct material and physical presence. Denn wer wenig besitzt, muss sich auch um weniger kümmern, hat dafür aber mehr Platz, Zeit und Geld. The Japanese Minimalism embraced this way of life and the people did the same in return, although today there are examples of extreme dedication to the aesthetic which goes beyond the already scarce principles of keeping only what’s necessary. The need and appreciation of the essential found a home in the works of Post-Minimalism-dubbed works of Richard Serra and light installations of James Turrell, as well as sculptural works of Eva Hesse, Larry Bell, and Lynda Benglis. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/Minimalism, Minimalism - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Between 1958 and 1960, Frank Stella created his seminal series of Black Paintings, for which he abandoned brushwork, depth and the regular canvas form altogether to make concentrically striped canvases stretched on a thicker wooden chassis that thrust them out from the wall aggressively. Early minimalism in art rejected tradition of craftsmanship and rather opted for raw materials. His visual vocabulary is drawn from the everyday life, using shapes and colors found in plants, architecture, shadows on a wall or a lake. Minimalism began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. The California-based movement focused on creating works related to light, volume, and scale through installations. Her most important works were created in the early 1960s anticipating in many respects the work of minimalists like Donald Judd. Her graceful sculptures were made from standing blocks of wood five to seven feet high. The minimalist sculpture was all about the piece, and it had nothing to do with the artist. Describing Minimalist sculptures as dependent on the context of their perception, he believed that artwork cannot be self-sufficient in and of itself. However, turning away from such a successful art movement at the time seemed like a real challenge, since it enjoyed a lot of attention from the public and great critics such as Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg. A sculptor, visual artist, architectural designer, and a theorist, he studied architecture with László Moholy-Nagy, Gyorgy Kepes and Alexander Archipenko and was an apprentice of Frank Lloyd Wright. In his work that included painting, layered reliefs, flat sculptures and line drawings, he focused on the dynamics between shape, form, and color. Minimalism began as an art movement in 1960s New York, focusing on extreme aesthetic austerity. Their geometric abstraction did not describe anything, neither the external world nor the narrative of a story; the neutral monochromatic palette of primary colors was only there to delineate space, rather than express a feeling; the raw, mass-produced traditional materials did not symbolize or represent anything else but their own selves. Minimalism emerged as a reaction to the abstract expressionist movement of the 1950s and early 1960s, deriving partly from the reductivism of Modernism and the geometric abstract movement. Featured images in slider: Objects and Logotypes: Relationships Between Minimal Art and Corporate Design, Installation View at the National Design Center in Chicago, 1980; Robert Ryman - Twin, 1966; Tony Smith - Amaryllis, 1965, courtesy Matthew Marks Gallery; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - The Barcelona Pavilion, 1929; Robert Morris - Untitled (mirrored cubes), 1965/71; Ronald Bladen - The X, 1965; Dan Flavin - Untitled (in honor of Harold Joachim) 3, 1977; Robert Mangold - 1/3 Gray-Green Curved Area, 1966–67. Apart from visual arts, architecture and design, its influence can be found in literature and music, in plays and novels of Samuel Beckett and the compositions of John Cage and Philip Glass. But the popular movement of less-is-more, which dates back to the 1960s, has since seeped into various facets of our lives. Minimalism- study of an art movement 1. minimalism “less is more” -Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 2. minimalism Roots of minimalism 1950s Piet Mondrian Theo van Doesburg Ad Reinhardt Kazimir Malevich 3. Its influences are also incorporated in Land art, through the work of Michael Heizer, Richard Long and Walter de Maria, the famous examples of Feminist art… Today, we still have many contemporary artists associated with Minimalism and the durability of its ideology can perhaps be attributed to the fact that achieving such aesthetics is difficult, yet quite rewarding, both for the audience and the artist. Reasonator; PetScan; Scholia; Statistics; OpenStreetMap; Locator tool; Search depicted; Subcategories. Throughout her five-decades long career, she worked within an extremely limited set of variables. Finally, there’s the traditional Japanese design, infused with culture and Zen. Perhaps the Minimalism movement is most prominent in Japan, where the presence of Zen Buddhism instills a desire for a kind of candor. Minimal art, along with the music of Erik Satie and the aesthetics of John Cage, was a distinct influence on Minimalist music. His sculptures were based on the concept of a continuous three-dimensional space lattice and a standard tetrahedral module. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He employed traditional materials such as wood, canvas, and paint, but placed a great emphasis on concepts and systems. Another one of the art movements from the 1960s, and typified by works composed of simple art, such as geometric shapes devoid of representational content. Young added very little to this texture and virtually eliminated variation as a developmental technique. Created without the base, his pieces stood directly on the floor and used real materials in real space. Furthermore, when Abstract Expressionists like Donald Judd, Dan Flavin and Robert Morris, inspired by the works of Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, the Dutch De Stijl group, the Russian Constructivists and the German Bauhaus[1], intentionally abandoned the principles of the beloved and dominant American movement, it was clear that the new and exciting era in the arts was about to take over. Light and Space is an art movement founded in the 1960s that was connected to several different contemporary movements including minimalism, op-art, and geometric abstraction. As one of the first artists who created irregularly shaped canvases, Ellsworth Kelly has been a widely influential force in the post-war art world. Free of the artist’s personal touch, his sculptures were intended to emphasize the purity of the objects themselves rather than any symbolic meaning they might have. Characterized by geometric forms and distinct black finish, sculptures of Tony Smith represent one of the supreme achievements of American sculpture. This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. In many of his works, we can find many elements serving a variety of purposes - for instance, we would design a floor that would also be a radiator. As the exhibition progressed into the second half of the 20th century, it turned to the emergence of minimalism as an art movement across media. As one of the greatest architects of the 20th century, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe followed a philosophy of open space and clean surfaces. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Best known for her evocative paintings marked out in subtle pencil lines and pale color washes, Agnes Martin imparted a legacy of abstraction that has inspired generations of artists. Just like Action Painting relied on gesture to convey a feeling, Minimalist art used the medium and material of its works to highlight the simplicity through sleek, geometric works that offered a radically different, literal and objective aesthetic appeal[2]. Today, many Minimal designers work in the field of consumer products; Dieter Rams, the designer to Braun, created many record players, radios, calculators and consumer appliances in line with the Minimalist concepts. Interested in the theory of construction and philosophy, he wanted to complete a theory of aesthetics that would unite the modern needs of a modern man. Art movement In visual arts, music, and other mediums, minimalism is a style that uses pared-down design elements. He used geometric and modular creations that were characterized by plain design and the lack of content, questioning the very nature of art. If we look at the old architecture and interior designs, we’ll find that they ooze with simple color, clean lines and forms, following the tendencies present in their culture at large. He later referred to his pieces as “sculptures as place”, alluding to the fact that his pieces are produced by placing objects on the floor. Minimal art, also called ABC art, is the culmination of reductionist tendencies in modern art that first surfaced in the 1913 composition by the Russian painter Kasimir Malevich of a black square on a white ground. Minimal design and architecture, like visual art, roots in the works of De Stijl, its rectangular forms and primary colors, as well as the designs by the pioneer of modern architecture, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a German architect who laid the ground work for “large-scale” Minimalism after the Second World War. To rebel is what art does best and as such, post-minimalism needs to be understood as a reaction against the Minimalism of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Guided by the search for an essence and substance of things, Minimalism attracted a wide range of practitioners such as painters, sculptors, designers, and architects. Minimal architecture, therefore, typically uses basic geometric shapes, harmonious colors, natural textures, open-plan spatial arrangements, neat and straight components, clean finishes, flat or nearly flat roofs, large windows and satisfying negative spaces. The earliest artifacts come from the Paleolithic era, or the Old Stone Age, in the form of rock carvings, engravings, pictorial imagery, sculptures, and stone arrangements. So, what’s the motivation behind the sartorial side of the trend? For them, less truly is more, and this way of thinking fits perfectly with this large island nation in such little space to operate with. A synonym for Minimalist art, the work of Donald Judd was built upon the idea of the object as it exists in the environment. Minimal sculpture and hard-edge painting were culminations of reductionist tendencies – styles which allowed artists to distance themselves from abstract expressionism. Minimalism. His visual vocabulary consisted of lines, basic colors, and simplified shapes applied to his own formulae resembling mathematical equations. Let's take a look at some of the most prominent names involved with the movement. American Art. Minimal design and its practitioners aim to employ elementary geometric forms without ornament or decoration, focusing on a product’s aspects of being useful, rather than being pleasing to the eye - although such focus often brought pleasant aesthetics as well. Editor James Meyer is a specialist who has written extensively on many significant artists belonging to Minimalist art. Minimalism did exist as a movement, although many artists used its principles without actively participating in its creation, and by the late 1960s, it all began showing signs of breaking apart in different directions. Minimal hard-edge painting is the anonymous construction of a simple object. It had a great influence on Minimalism in the West, particularly in America in the 18th and 19th century and it is interesting to see how their ideas merged with Western cultures and design needs - take Frank Lloyd Wright, who adopted the Japanese sliding door that allows bringing the exterior to the interior. With his famous “Less is more” motto, architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe perfectly describes the idea behind his Minimal architecture, which was then adopted by many to follow. While many cultures practice concepts of aesthetic simplicity, Minimalism He combined various industrialized materials such as iron, steel, plastic, and Plexiglas. He was concerned with new notions of chance, temporality, and ephemerality. Being diagnosed with schizophrenia, she moved to New Mexico in 1967 to lead a life in solitude and silence. A major figure in American art for more than 40 years, Anne Truitt is best known for her large, vertical wooden sculptures that were covered in many coats of paint, but she also created paintings, drawings, and writings. After the 1960s when the movement had its peak, some of the artists radically changed their practice and moved in different personal directions. Some cite Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as being the first leader of minimalist design, and his basic, yet striking structures are constructed simply to maximize space and a feeling of openness. One other thing to consider is the fact that Japan is regularly beset by earthquakes, which makes it logical not to have valuable, hanging objects around the house. Today, John Pawson and Tadao Ando, Hon. Not only can its roots be traced back to Marcel Duchamp’s ready-mades, its ideology can also be found in the revolutionary 1913 black square on a white ground by Kasimir Malevich, which turned our perception on painting upside down. art movement, architectural style: Authority control Q173436 GND ID: 4228187-8 BNCF Thesaurus ID: 44170. Exploring subtle variations of color and using the grid as and organizational element in canvases, she blended styles of Minimalism and Color Field. Use of the hard edge, the simple form, and the linear rather than painterly approach was intended to emphasize two-dimensionality and to allow the viewer an immediate, purely visual response. The primary structures of the Minimalist sculptors Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Tony Smith, Anthony Caro, Sol LeWitt, John McCracken, Craig Kaufman, Robert Duran, and Robert Morris and the hard-edge painting of Jack Youngerman, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Al Held, and Gene Davis grew out of these artists’ dissatisfaction with Action painting, a branch of American Abstract Expressionism based on intuitive, spontaneous gesture that had dominated American avant-garde art through much of the 1950s. 1960s minimalism Beginning of the movement Frank Stella Robert Morris Donald Judd Sol LeWitt Carl Andre Agnes Martin 4. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... For certain young American sculptors, however, work such as Caro’s seemed to embody limiting “European” aesthetic precepts. 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