In her March 1936 letter to Walter Francis White (1893-1955), who served as NAACP executive secretary (later director) from 1931 to 1955, Mrs. Roosevelt stated some of the arguments that were used by the president and others against passage of an antilynching bill. For proof, look no further than Walter Francis White, who was born on this day, July 1, in 1893. This text traces the history of the civil rights movement in the years following World War II, to the present day. Issues discussed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights of 1965, and the Northern Ireland ghetto's. Sources: 1910 - Etta Gruskin. Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893 - March 21, 1955) was an American civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for almost a quarter of a century and directed a broad program of legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement. White ushered the NAACP into the Civil Rights era, serving as its leader more than 20 years, from . Early Life. Object Details Artist Betsy Graves Reyneau, 1888 - 1964 Sitter Walter Francis White, 1 Jul 1893 - 21 Mar 1955 Exhibition Label Walter White headed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1931 to 1955. "[19] Asked what they would do to him, the conductor told White, "When they get through with him he won't pass for white no more! First published in 1948, A Man Called White is the autobiography of the famous civil rights activist Walter White during his first thirty years of service to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He directed a broad program of legal challenges to racial segregation and disfranchisement. NAACP / Library of Congress . Primary Source Spotlight: NAACP. Walter White headed the NAACP from 1931 to 1955. Walter Francis White was a leading civil rights advocate of the first half of the 20th century. [citation needed] All members of his immediate family had fair skin, and his mother, Madeline, was also blue-eyed and blonde. Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893, Atlanta, Georgia - March 21, 1955, New York, New York) was a civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for almost a quarter of a century and directed a broad program of legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement. In his autobiography A Man Called White, he . Rachel Dolezal is breaking bad: Meet Walter White, the black man who looked white, led the NAACP, married a white woman and became a 'race traitor' . His journalism turned into activism as he challenged Jim Crow laws, and in 1931, he moved to New York City to become the assistant NAACP secretary under Walter Francis White. This volume offers a glimpse into the minds of three NAACP leaders who occupied the centre of black thought and action during some of the most troublesome and pivotal times of the civil rights movement. Du Bois, who eventually resigned as editor of the organization's journal, "The Crisis." "[15] (Peonage was a new form of unpaid labor.). Wells.. Its mission in the 21st century is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and . Poppy Cannon was a noted writer on the subjects of food, art, and culture. During World War II, Walter White visited the European, North African and Pacific theaters of war, sending back to the New York Post and other periodicals accounts of what he saw. 2009 – White was inducted into the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame. [11], White married Gladys Powell in 1922. There he was exposed to instruction which had been enriched by a decade of W. E. B. Madeline's mother, Marie Harrison, was one of Dilsia's daughters by Harrison. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. February 18, 2016 by PSN Leave a Comment. He only escaped the violence of the day because he was light-complexioned, with blonde hair and blue eyes. Walter White was one of the most important civil rights leaders of the first half of the twentieth century. [33], White had become a powerful figure: segregationist senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina said in session about the Dyer bill, "One Negro has ordered this bill to pass. Civil Rights activist Walter Francis White led the NAACP for almost a quarter of a century. "[10], Throughout his career, Walter White spoke out against segregation and discrimination but also black nationalism. Walter Francis White. In 1918, he started working at the national headquarters of the NAACP. W. ALTER. Of mixed race with African and European ancestry on both sides, White had features showing the latter. Walter F. White, ca. White had blond hair, blue eyes, and a pale complexion, and could easily have "passed" for whyte, but he embraced his African-American heritage and fought to end the discrimination against African Americans. His father forbade Walter from reading any books less than 25 years old so he chose to read Dickens, Thackeray, and Trollope by the time he was 12. Over the next few months, White lobbied members of the Senate and was able to persuade them to reject Parker's nomination. He worked with President Truman on desegregating the armed forces after the Second World War and gave him a draft for the Executive Order to implement this. Death and the American South is an edited collection of twelve never-before-published essays, featuring leading senior scholars as well as influential up-and-coming historians. James Weldon Johnson was an early civil rights activist, a leader of the NAACP, and a leading figure in the creation and development of the Harlem Renaissance. He was able to see the validation of this strategy with the 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. On February 15, 1922 Walter White wed Gladys Powell who worked for him as a stenographer and had been a singer who appeared in the Philadelphia Opera's production of Deep River. During these difficult years, he directed an unsuccessful struggle for an anti-lynching bill and implemented a long-range campaign of legal actions culminating in the 1954 Supreme Court decision outlawing discrimination in the nation's schools. White, Walter Francis 1893-1955. This book extends what we know about the development of civil rights and the role of the NAACP in American politics. To White, "Communism meant that blacks have two strikes against them: blacks were aliens in white society where skin color was more important than initiative or intelligence, and blacks would also be Reds which meant a double dose of hatred from white Americans. [2] Membership in First Congregational was the ultimate status symbol in Atlanta.[2]. A chronicle of the rich history of Blacks in the state through careful analysis of census and housing records, newspaper records, and first-person accounts. Walter Francis White, was born July 1, 1893 in Atlanta, Georgia to George and Madeline White. The Whites' 27-year marriage ended in divorce in 1949. Walter Francis White's most significant contribution to Civil Rights for people of color in American History . Although blond-haired and blue-eyed, Walter Francis White spent his life fighting for the rights of his black heritage. [26], White believed in capitalist America and used communist propaganda as leverage to promote his own cause in securing civil liberties. When he was 13, White witnessed the Atlanta Race Riot. Walter White, activist and Secretary of NAACP, addressing crowds of people gathered at the National Mall in Washington DC, Washington, DC, 1945. Undoubtedly White's life work reflected on the "Old Atlanta University's pioneer and still unequaled contributions in Southern colored institutions of higher learning. Du Bois in The Crisis and by Konrad . A. Philip Randolph was a trailblazing leader, organizer and social activist who championed equitable labor rights for African American communities during the 20th century. While others "passed" into white Am. Unfortunately, his attempt to institute a federal anti-lynching law, which had the support of his good friend Eleanor Roosevelt, was quashed by filibustering Southern Senators. Pratt, Charles A., "Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People". His 1929 non-fiction work, Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch, examined the causes and effects of lynching. Ultimately, the Communist leaders failed to consolidate their position with black people. Walter Francis White. White supported the New Deal but was unable to convince Franklin D. Roosevelt to advocate an anti-lynching bill. and as a writer and to Poppy Cannon's career as an editor, writer, and publicity consultant. Along with A. Philip Randolph, White encouraged President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to issue 1941's Fair Employment Practices executive order, which forbade racial discrimination in defense industry hiring. With his keen investigative skills and light complexion, White proved to be the NAACP's secret weapon against white mob violence.[9]. [7] When he was 8, he threw a rock at a white child who called him a derogatory name for drinking from the fountain reserved for black people. But first they’ve got to live up to their legends—or die trying . . . THEY CAME TO KILL There are some things in this world that can’t be stopped. Like progress, a moving train, and the American Dream. White never returned the costumes to Hurston, who repeatedly asked for them by mail. George and Madeline took a kind but firm approach in rearing their children, encouraging hard work and regular schedules. Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893 - March 21, 1955) was an American civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for almost a quarter of a century and directed a broad program of legal challenges to racial segregation and disfranchisement.He was also a journalist, novelist, and essayist. His father was a postman and his mother a schoolteacher in Atlanta. Walter Cronkite was a lifelong newsman who became the voice of the truth for America as a nighttime anchorman. Walter White As a member of the NAACP, Walter White investigated lynchings and worked to end segregation. However, White's investigations into the practice helped reduce the number of lynchings. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. Stretcher: 91.4 x 71.1cm (36 x 28") Frame: 109.9 x 90.2 x 6.4cm (43 1/4 x 35 1/2 x 2 1/2") National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of the Harmon Foundation. It attracted creative people from across the nation, as did New York City in general. From 1931 until . American fears of communism were heightened, and the FBI had been trying to classify civil rights activists as communists. by Dr. Henry Louis Gates Jr. [29], White was a strong proponent and supporter of federal anti-lynching bills, which were unable to surmount the opposition by the Southern Democrats in the Senate. She met Walter Francis White in 1928, at a party at the residence of an attorney who worked for the organization NAACP. Walter Francis White NAACP Leader Walter White (1893-1955) was reared and educated among Atlanta's black middle class. He was also a journalist, novelist, and essayist. [14] According to White's oral history, when Harrison decided to run for president, he concluded that it would not be political for him to have "bastard slave children" in his home. Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893 - March 21, 1955) was an African-American civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for almost a quarter of a century, 1931-1955, after starting with the organization as an investigator in 1918. . . . We need this book, because such battles often don't stay won and have to be refought in each generation. Walter Francis White : biography 01 July 1893 - 21 March 1955 One of the first riots he investigated was that of October 1919 in Elaine, Arkansas, where white vigilantes and Federal troops in Phillips County killed more than 200 black sharecroppers. She was a stenographer at the NAACP who had previously sung in a production of Deep River in Philadelphia. A fun, lively history of the revolution in American cooking that took place in the 1950s traces the innovations, cookbooks, products, techniques, and marketing campaigns that changed the way Americans prepared food forever. Reprint. White feared a backlash that might cost the NAACP its tax-exempt status and end up with people equating civil rights with communism. "He attended the Atlanta public schools, finished the Atlanta University high school in 1912, and the college there in the class of 1916. 1971, p. 6. Walter White, co-founder of the NAACP, standing by rails of a ship. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Walter and Gladys Powell White family papers, 1890-2010, Walter Francis White and Poppy Cannon Papers, Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights, Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement, Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, Council for United Civil Rights Leadership, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), List of lynching victims in the United States, Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument, Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Francis_White&oldid=1042661076, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. White succeeded Johnson as the head of the NAACP, leading the organization from 1929 to 1955. ', Vanna White is the longtime co-host of the popular game show 'Wheel of Fortune. Instead, after living through . As secretary assistant of the NAACP, White was able to move the organization's . The white militias had come […] In 1929 Walter Francis White became executive secretary of the NAACP. Most notably, White and Du Bois's 1934 conflict was over the latter's endorsement of black people's voluntary separation within US society. His appearance, paired with his Southern accent, meant he was able to obtain responses when he questioned politicians and suspected lynchers. A 1916 graduate of Atlanta University, White worked in insurance before protesting cuts in funding for African American students in Atlanta. Of multiracial, majority-white ancestry (of his 32 great-great-great grandparents, only 5 were black), White passed as white and would utilize this to infiltrate hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Such work was dangerous: "Through 1927 White would investigate 41 lynchings, 8 race riots, and two cases of widespread peonage, risking his life repeatedly in the backwaters of Florida, the piney woods of Georgia, and in the cotton fields of Arkansas. Walter Francis White was born into the family of George White and his wife Madeline Harrison on July 1, 1893, in Atlanta, Georgia.Though his parents were born in slavery, they got a good education and became part of the emerging middle . White managed to attend Atlanta University, and, after graduating in 1916, he worked for Standard Life Insurance Company. He also wrote a regular column in the New York Herald Tribune and the Chicago Defender. Being bright and of a comparatively well-to-do family--his father was a postman--he was able to attend Atlanta Preparatory School and Atlanta University. He directed a broad program of legal . "[22] The Communist Party and the NAACP both hoped to prove themselves as the party to represent the black community. Reference: Dominic Capeci unravels the tragic story of Wright's life on several stages, showing how these acts of violence were indicative not only of racial tension but the clash of the traditional and the modern brought about by the war. As executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP . He graduated in 1916 from Atlanta University . My skin is white, my eyes are blue, my hair is blond. White attempts to persuade Owens to not participate in the 1936 Berlin Olympic games to protest the political . "[4] The White family belonged to the influential First Congregational Church, founded after the Civil War by freedmen and the American Missionary Association, based in the North. Because Atlanta had Jim Crow laws, as a child, White attended segregated Black schools, sat in the rear of buses, and experienced many other . [13], Gladys and their children broke off with White and his second wife. White was the author of 'Charlotte's Web' and 'Stuart Little,' contributor to 'The New Yorker' and co-author of 'The Elements of Style. Following Johnson's retirement, White became the NAACP's acting executive secretary; he officially took over the position in 1931. White was the author of critically acclaimed novels: Fire in the Flint (1924) and Flight (1926). F. W. HITE. Joining the civil rights movement McDaniel responded that she would "rather make seven hundred dollars a week playing a maid than seven dollars being one"; she further questioned White's qualification to speak on behalf of blacks, since he was light-skinned and only one-eighth black.[38]. Found insideAvailable for the first time in English, The Color of the Third Degree uncovers the still-hidden history of police torture in the Jim Crow South. Walter White is the longest serving Executive Secretary in the history of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or NAACP.. MA thesis. January 1929 * Walter White, born of African-American ancestry and raised in Atlanta, investigated lynchings and race riots for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). White, Walter Francis, 1893-1955: Title: Walter White to Jesse Owens, December 4, 1935: Date: 1935 Dec. 4: Description: Letter from Walter White, NAACP Executive Secretary, to Jesse Owens, Olympic track star, dated December 4, 1935. According to Walter Francis White of the NAACP, pre-1915 Chicago had a good reputation for equitable treatment of African Americans. Walter Francis White. Given the discrimination and prejudice that African Americans faced every day of their lives, many with appearances like Walter White's elected to leave their homes and families in order to live as whites. The Papers contain correspondence, writings, other papers, and photographs relating to Walter White's career as the Secretary for the N.A.A.C.P. 1 and No. January 1929 * Walter White, born of African-American ancestry and raised in Atlanta, investigated lynchings and race riots for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Title: Walter Francis White. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. AKA Walter Francis White. Many of his black colleagues and acquaintances were offended. It is not to tryst, for a heart at the... also became secretary of the Atlanta branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (. Walter Francis White (1893-1955), American leader of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. A native of Atlanta, Walter White served as chief secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1929 to 1955. The Fire in the FlintWalter Francis White quantity. One . A majority of Americans still ignore, the plain implications in similar tragedies. White became an undercover agent in investigating lynchings in the South, which were at a peak. Through his cultural interests and his close friendships with white literary power brokers Carl Van Vechten and Alfred A. Knopf, White was one of the founders of the "New Negro" cultural flowering. The Walter White and Poppy Cannon Papers document the careers and lives of Walter White and Poppy Cannon and span the dates 1910 to 1956. In 1948, White's autobiography, A Man Called White, was released. In the Little Rock, Arkansas, area he escaped on a train, having been harbored by several prominent black families because of threats that a black man "passing for white" was being hunted down to be lynched. 2, NAACP Branch Files, Atlanta, 1913-1931, NAACP Archives, Library of Congress. African Americans/Voices of Triumph His father was a postman and his mother a schoolteacher in Atlanta. Together with Roy Wilkins, the editor of The Crisis, he arranged for distribution of "Paul Robeson: Lost Shepherd", a leaflet against Robeson, which was written under a pseudonym.[36]. Walter Francis White was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on 1st July, 1893. Walter Francis White was an American civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for almost 25 years. At the turn of the 20th century, the state legislatures had passed discriminatory laws and constitutions that effectively created barriers to voter registration and closed black people out of the political process. Birthplace: Atlanta, GA Location of death: New York City Cause of death: Heart Failure. Activist and educator Katie McWatt shares her advice to youth who are interested in community activism. NAACP / Library of Congress . The case had both labor and racial aspects. She was born into slavery, her mother (Dilsia) was also a slave and her father is allegedly President William Henry Harrison. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! The Fire in the Flint. Found insideFirst to the Party concludes that groups like unions and churches, not voters or politicians, are the most consistent influences on party transformation. He also became secretary of the Atlanta branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). His father was a postman and his mother a schoolteacher. Brough gave White a letter of recommendation to help him meet people and his autographed photograph. Harlem became the center of black American intellectual and artistic life. ", National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Advisory Council for the Government of the Virgin Islands, drinking from the fountain reserved for black people, Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, William Jelani Cobb, "Past Imperfect: Post Mfume", https://www.biography.com/activist/walter-white, Stuart A. As executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), White spearheaded a national effort to achieve political, economic and social rights for African Americans. Du Bois had already moved to the North before White enrolled, but Du Bois knew White's parents well. Walter Francis White was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 1, 1893. Copyright 1993, TimeLife Inc. No white man was prosecuted for any of the many black deaths.[21]. Walter Francis White -- NAACP Executive SecretaryFBI HQ-1. The remarkable life of Paul Robeson, quintessential Harlem Renaissance man: scholar, all-American, actor, activist, and firebrand Born the son of an ex-slave in New Jersey in 1898, Paul Robeson, endowed with multiple gifts, seemed destined ... Add to basket. "[25] White believed the NAACP had to keep distance and independence from the Communist Party for this reason. Walter Francis White was an African-American civil rights activist. A portrait of the late executive secretary of the NAACP documents his efforts as a civil rights champion and his work to outlaw segregation and racism, noting how his physical appearance as an African-American with light-colored skin ... The conductor told him that he was leaving "just when the fun is going to start" because they had found out that there was a "damned yellow nigger down here passing for white and the boys are going to get him. Walter Francis White was born on this date in 1893. White investigated violence in 1918 in Lowndes and Brooks counties, Georgia. F. W. HITE. White was an outstanding propagandist and articles that he wrote about African American civil rights appeared in a variety of journals including Collier's, Saturday Evening Post, The Nation, Harper's Magazine and the New Republic. White, Walter (Francis) (1893-1955) civil rights leader, author; born in Atlanta, Ga. This period of study enabled White to spend eight years in the old Atlanta's unusual atmosphere at its zenith. He believed the NAACP had the best defense counsel in the country, but the Scottsboro boys' families chose to go with the ILD partly because they were first on the scene. Walter F. White, NAACP Leader born. Though Walter White had blonde hair and blue eyes, he embraced his African American heritage and fought to end the discrimination that surrounded African Americans. A FANCY halts my feet at the way-side well. He emphasized in his autobiography, A Man Called White (p. 3): "I am a Negro. Walter White, executive secretary of the NAACP, Washington, D.C., June 1942. Governor Brough asked the United States Postal Service to prohibit mailings of the Chicago Defender and The Crisis to Arkansas, and others tried to get an injunction against distribution of the Defender at the local level. Walter Francis White helped the NAACP document the truth about lynchings in America. The Fire in the FlintWalter Francis White. After looking into the treatment of African American soldiers during World War II, White wrote A Rising Wind (1945). He was also a journalist, novelist, and essayist. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. White then appointed another moderate, Roy Wilkins, as the new editor of the journal. [8] Du Bois and Walter White later disagreed about how best to gain civil rights for black people, but they shared a vision for the country. Although he is generally recognized for his accomplishments as the longtime leader of the NAACP, White also wrote several novels during the Harlem Renaissance exploring the themes of Alain Locke's New Negro Movement. White was threatened by anonymous letters that stated his life would be in danger if he ever divulged any of the confidential information he had received. Black people were then largely disfranchised in southern states, which were politically controlled by white Democrats. The Pennsylvania Railroad recruited tens of thousands of workers from Florida alone. Of multiracial, majority-white ancestry, at times he passed as white to facilitate his investigations and protect himself in tense situations. Based on analysis of nearly 600 cases, this volume offers a full appraisal of the complex character of lynching. Although the bill did not pass the Senate, White and the NAACP secured widespread public support for the cause. One of his fellow deputies told him he could shoot any black person and the law would be behind him.[18]. 'Measuring Manhood' shows where they got their start. In 1949, it was discovered that White was divorcing his Black wife to marry a white woman named Poppy Cannon. Walter Francis White was born on this date in 1893. Walter Francis White, 1 Jul 1893 - 21 Mar 1955. He was 61.[41]. [3] White and his family identified as Negro and lived among Atlanta's Negro community. Walter F. White, ca. The 79 black defendants had been quickly tried and convicted by an all-white jury: 12 were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death; 67 were condemned to sentences from 20 years to life. 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