It is a base class for all types of OWIN authentication middleware and has a large number of built-in implementations, e.g. You could just set the listner.AuthenticationSchemes = NTLM | Anonymous. The client certificate validation logic is abstracted away to an interface for loose coupling: The ClientCertificateValidationResult is a simple object to store whether the certificate is valid or not and a list of validation exceptions: Let’s go through the ClientCertificateAuthenticationHandler class a little bit. We’ll put all our authentication related classes there. Putnam 2020 inequality for complex numbers in the unit circle. Cookies are no different. The first one is called AuthenticationOptions. Client certificates allow a web application to authenticate its users by verifying a certificate that is provided by the client before the HTTP connection is established. Being able to decrypt the OWIN AuthenticationTicket can be very useful. It derives from AuthenticationHandler of T where T is ClientCertificateAuthenticationOptions, this is in line with what we wrote in the short introduction of this section. Go into Server Certificates section. Then you add a middleware after your cert middleware that returns a 401 if server.User is not valid. This will choose the appropriate AuthenticationScheme (allowing requests containing a cert through, otherwise deferring to NTLM authentication), This will read the contents of the cert and populate the "server.User" environment variable accordingly. Owin and Katana offers a flexible pipeline for external authentication with existing providers for authentication by Google, Facebook, Twitter and more. You can view the list of posts on Security and Cryptography here. Count number of pairs across elements in a list in R? If you don’t know what claims are then you can start here. The minimum requirement is to implement the authentication logic in the AuthenticateCoreAsync method. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. As you can see we retrieve the client certificate from the web request differently from how we extracted it within an MVC – or Web API – controller. In the Authentication, select “ No Authentication “. Create a class “ Startup.cs ” in the project at root level which will be required for OWIN. Every OWIN Application has a startup class where you specify components for the application pipeline. Let’s remove all the security related demo code from CustomersController to as the next step. What could cause this knocking sound when pedaling? Again, open up Powershell and run through the following commands: If i fire multiple requests, ValidateCertificate() is entered but never exits. The back-end server will be built using ASP.NET Web API 2 on top of Owin middleware not directly on top of ASP.NET; the reason for doing so that we’ll configure the server to issue OAuth bearer token authentication using Owin middleware too, so setting up everything on the same pipeline is better approach. —> System.IO.IOException: Unable to write data to the transport connection: An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host.”, When setting authProperties.ExpiresUtc to a specified time / date in the future, what uses this? We publish our application to the local IIS and it doesn’t allow us to break the code within Startup.cs. Open the demo Web API project in Visual Studio as an administrator. eID authentication in ASP.NET Authentication based on the Belgium eID card can be easily integrated into an ASP.NET web application. If I set this value to 5 minutes for example, how do I use this to delay the users authentication for 5 minutes? Using PowerShell to create a client certificate. The client cert should already be available in the OWIN environment under "ssl.ClientCertificate". We will discuss more about this delegate later in this article. In this post we’re going to create some simple endpoints using ASP.NET Web API, OWIN and OAuth 2.0. In the previous post we started adding the necessary OWIN-related libraries to our Web API project: a couple of NuGet libraries and the Startup class. OWIN. It is a community-owned specification (or standard) and not a framework of its own. Create a new empty ASP.Net Web Application Project. Please contact its maintainers for support. What is the minimum altitude needed to return to the takeoff airport in a 737 after dual engine failure? Design and build Web APIs for a broad range of clients—including browsers and mobile devices—that can adapt to change over time. The class has a loose dependency on IClientCertificateValidator which will perform the actual client certificate validation. We also store a key called _owinClientCertKey with the value “ssl.ClientCertificate”. If you are new to OWIN then you probably won’t understand what this is all about. OWIN middleware for authenticating X.509 client certificates in OWIN/Katana applications. The ClaimTypes class contains a list of well-known claim types such as Name, Email, Role etc. OWIN Security Authentication. Obviously you would not hardcode a claimcollection, but probably read the user from a database (maybe based on the subject in the certificate if it’s a user cert or whatever) and create a claimscollection out of the result. Katana is a collection of projects to support OWIN with various Microsoft components for System.Web and System.Net.HttpListener.. We can plug Web API in an OWIN-based application rather than depending on System.Web file. At this point we have a root CA certificate that we can start using to mint/sign new client certificates. the certificate has passed the validation phase, then we build the AuthenticationTicket object. Found insideIn this book, Denny Cherry - a Microsoft SQL MVP and one of the biggest names in SQL server - will teach you how to properly secure an SQL server database from internal and external threats using best practices as well as specific tricks ... Hands-On with ASP.NET MVC is not only written for those who are going to have affair with MVC for the 1st time, rather it is written in such a way that even experienced professional will love reading this book. If you are new to OWIN then you probably won’t understand what this is all about. I can recommend looking at IdentityServer for a full-fledged and flexible solution. Back to basics: algorithms, data structures, interview questions, Converting a sequence of objects into a Lookup with LINQ C#, Break up a list into batches with C# .NET, Using client certificates in .NET part 5: working with client certificates in a web project, How to terminate a .NET console application with an exit code, How to build URIs with the UriBuilder class in C#, Calculate the number of months between two dates with C#, Convert a dynamic type to a concrete object in .NET C#, Getting a return value from a Task with C#, How to enable SSL for a .NET project in Visual Studio. Found inside – Page 292Tip □ if you are using an invalid certificate with HttpClient, requests will fail, making development and testing very ... Solution While it's definitely possible to roll out your own Basic authentication support in the form of OWIN ... Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. posted on May 28, 2015 by long2know in ASP.NET, OWIN, Security. Found insideThis book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. The book rounds off with two case studies—a stock market price updater, and a collaborative drawing application—so you can get to grips with SignalR in a realistic scenario, using a broad range of the concepts covered in earlier ... The server must provide a certificate that authenticates the server to the client. The point in this blog is to get the client certificate in the authentication pipeline. The client cert should already be available in the OWIN environment under "ssl.ClientCertificate". You don't need the AuthenticationSchemeSelectorDelegate code. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Please welcome Valued Associates: #958 - V2Blast & #959 - SpencerG, Outdated Answers: unpinning the accepted answer A/B test, Java HTTPS client certificate authentication, Accept server's self-signed ssl certificate in Java client, Getting Chrome to accept self-signed localhost certificate. I am doing tasks not listed in my working contract. The complete, pragmatic guide to building high-value solutions with ASP.NET Core Programming ASP.NET Core is the definitive guide to practical web-based application development with Microsoft’s new ASP.NET Core framework. We also build a list of claims and you’ll see that a claim consists of a key and a value as noted above. The way in which I have gotten this to work though (bearing in mind this approach is probably not 100% foolproof), is a 2-step process by using a combination of authenticationSchemeSelectorDelegate and OWIN. Client Speaks. The encryption mechanisms (DataProtectors) will utilize the machine key in your web.config to provide all encryption. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. If you are not able to get client certificate in OWIN middleware. Client Certificate authentication in self hosted OWIN WebApi Leave a comment Posted by riztaak on November 30, 2016 If you are not able to get client certificate in OWIN middleware. In the authentication logic, you inspect the incoming credential and – if present – turn it into a ClaimsIdentity. If i fire a single request from the client it works fine. You don't need the AuthenticationSchemeSelectorDelegate code. Creating a matrix of dimension d with constraints on indices. Arm yourself for the escalating war against malware and rootkits Thwart debilitating cyber-attacks and dramatically improve your organization’s security posture using the proven defense strategies in this thoroughly updated guide. In older ASP.NET Applications, we used Forms authentication module to authenticate the users into our application. Found inside – Page 1Prepare for Microsoft Exam 70-534--and help demonstrate your real-world mastery of Microsoft Azure solution design and architecture. Federated security lets you separate the service a client is accessing from the associated authentication and authorization procedures, for example, to enable collaboration across multiple systems, networks, and organizations. To set up the standard cookie authentication, just add this snippet in the Startup.cs file. We’ll see shortly that the implemented authentication middleware must return an authentication handler that derives from AuthenticationHandler. it is implicitly assumed that the authentication logic will be called asynchronously in some resource intensive operation such as a database lookup. Found insideThis is the eBook version of the print title. Note that the eBook may not provide access to the practice test software that accompanies the print book. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. In the cases where the cookie/tickets are shared across applications, this is especially true. 6 Comments. The constructor of this object requires a claims identity – represented by the ClaimsIdentity object – and the authentication properties, which are contained by the AuthenticationProperties object. Change ). However to address our scenario, very first step is to make sure that both old and new application use cookie authentication and both application use the same name for authentication cookie. When a user logs in his credentials are verified by querying the information from the data store. See. Found insideTake the security of your ASP.NET Web API to the next level using some of the most amazing security techniques around About This Book This book has been completely updated for ASP.NET Web API 2.0 including the new features of ASP.NET Web ... This is an enhanced security mechanism unlike using username and password for security as this is a simple validation. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. The OWIN authentication middleware is used for authenticating users. Owin.Limits - Apply limits (MaxBandwidth, MaxConcurrentRequests, ConnectionTimeout) to an OWIN pipeline. ( Log Out /  You only need to have a constructor which accepts a string parameter which describes the authentication type. The OWIN namespace has a number of security related classes that we’ll see in this post. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. Add a class called ClientCertificateAuthenticationOptionsinto the Authentication folder: We simply declare our authentication type in line with X509 certificates. The NuGet Team does not provide support for this client. This text is real-world oriented, offering a practical WCF programming model, and chapters on creating a WCF web service; hosting and consuming WCF services; deploying and managing WCF services; reliable messaging and queue management, and ... First, create a new console application. It might be due to clientcertnegotiation flag missed while configuring ssl certificate for https url. Microsoft has defined base class called AuthenticationMiddleware and AuthenticationHandler (among other helper classes) and these work to process requests to establish the identity of the user. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. This book gives you enough information to evaluate claims-based identity as a possible option when you're planning a new application or making changes to an existing one. Federated security [BETA] Introduction. That’s what you’ll see in the ValidateCertificate method: Every value in the environment dictionary is an object so it needs to be cast to its “proper” type, in this case an X509Certificate2 object. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. In-depth explanation of configuring OWIN cookie authentication is beyond the scope of this post. I have not seen any standard components built for this yet. Change ), ← Using Backend module for migrating data from Datastore to BigQuery, https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms733791(v=vs.110).aspx, Client Certificate authentication in self hosted OWIN WebApi, Using Backend module for migrating data from Datastore to BigQuery, Using Python and Java module together in single AppEngine application, Custom decorator for Google AppEngine Cloud Endpoint. basic authentication). Install the Microsoft.Owin.Security DLL from NuGet to the web project: This package includes the security related classes in OWIN without which we cannot build the custom authentication mechanism. ( Log Out /  To test the preceding approach I created a console project in my solution. About the book ASP.NET Core in Action, Second Edition is a comprehensive guide to creating web applications with ASP.NET Core 5.0. Go from basic HTTP concepts to advanced framework customization. Just like all the other authentication methods, you configure client certificate support on the AuthenticationConfiguration object. Next, add NuGet packages. The Callback URL of your application is the URL where Auth0 will redirect to after the user has authenticated in order for the OWIN OpenID Connect middleware to complete the authentication process. It contains all sorts of entries about the incoming web request. and get the user from a database or do you store the claims in the certificate itself ? So if you're tired of interoperability issues between inflexible web services and clients tied to specific platforms or programming languages, or if you've ever struggled with WCF, this book is for you. Normally your controllers should have no security related logic. These client certs will be used by our OWIN services. (see video). Scott Mitchell, editor of top ASP.NET resource site 4GuysFromRolla.com, shows how to use the newest ASP.NET 4 enhancements and make the most of free tools like ASP.NET Ajax and Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Express Edition. It is a base class for all types of authentication options, such as CookieAuthenticationOptions, GoogleAuthenticationOptions or OpenIdConnectAuthenticationOptions. ( Log Out /  Podcast 373: Authorization is complex. Are there any articles explaining how to use client certificates with Azure web/api/mobile apps? With this book, we will teach .NET developers how to harness the full potential of React using ASP.NET Core as the backbone. Do you store the email in the certificate (how? The first one is called AuthenticationOptions. Found insideThe book rounds off with two case studies—a stock market price updater, and a collaborative drawing application—so you can get to grips with SignalR in a realistic scenario, using a broad range of the concepts covered in earlier ... Owin.RequiresHttps - Determines if requests are HTTPS and provides options for routing if not or 401 response. This book will help you to build powerful applications as well as help you give a deep understanding of how to interact with the framework and work cross-platform. What's the percentage of strange matter inside a star at any time? ( Log Out /  We also store a key called _owinClientCertKey with the value “ssl.ClientCertificate”. The certificate is send by the client to the server to prove his identity (instead of e.g. In the last blog post we have added an interactive feature to search phones and in this blog post we are going to add authentication to our PhoneCat application using Owin Authentication Middleware and ASP.NET identity.. How can a repressive government quickly but non-permanently disable human vocal cords in a way that allows only that government to restore them? Frustration with Machine Learning/Deep Learning research. You’ll see a call for “Request.” in the following bit: If you type “Request.” then you’ll see some shortcuts, like Request.Headers which are really only wrappers around the more direct key-based technique that we have to use for the client certificate. X.509 certificates use industry standard cryptographic mechanisms to securely authenticate user access. It might be due to clientcertnegotiation flag missed while configuring ssl certificate for https url. to configure a self hosted owin endpoint to use client certificate mapping authentication with A/D? What am I missing about learning French horn? What is the good response to convince project manager about testing process? Those are all strings, therefore you can specify your own claim category as you wish, such as “www.mycompany.com/claims/favourite-colour”. About the Book Microservices in .NET Core provides a complete guide to building microservice applications. ... Windows Identity Foundation and OWIN. Create … ClientCertificates 1.1.0. The Open Web Interface for .NET (OWIN) is a standard that defines the interface between a web application and a web server. We only want people with a valid client certificate to be able to view the customers list. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. To secure Controller endpoints we are using a custom claims attribute. The exchange of the authentication credentials between the front-end Web client and the AS ABAP, AS Java or non-SAP system is secured through the use of public key cryptography and the underlying SSL protocol. WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT TUTORIALS WITH OPEN-SOURCE PROJECTS. Owin. It is less common for the client to provide a certificate to the server, but this is one option for authenticating clients. How to move around a circle and count the number of points inside it? Configuring OWIN cookie authentication. In this article. AuthenticationHandler is a generic class with a type parameter. Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Client Certificate Mapping Authentication in self-hosted Owin endpoint, https://katanaproject.codeplex.com/wikipage?title=OWIN%20Keys, Scaling front end design with a design system. Then insert a folder called Authentication to the Web API project. Create a class “ Startup.cs ” in the project at root level which will be required for OWIN. Leverage the full potential of Entity Framework with this collection of powerful and easy-to-follow recipes About This Book Learn how to use the new features of Entity Framework Core 1 Improve your queries by leveraging some of the advanced ... It is the base class for the work carried out by OWIN authentication middleware. 403.7 Forbidden using Client-Certificate Authentication in an Owin Self-Hosted Web API 2, Client Certificate Authentication using Owin, Multiple Web Applications within Self Hosted Owin/Katana Application, OWIN Self-hosted client cert authentication 403. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Claims-based authentication is a large topic and there are multiple posts dedicated to it on this blog. If you’d like to build your own OWIN authentication then this is the starting point. You'll also want to check ssl.ClientCertificateErrors because the cert may not have passed all validation checks. In this series of posts we will start with concepts, and slowly build from there. About Andras NemesI'm a .NET/Java developer living and working in Stockholm, Sweden. Client certificates don’t really have an HTTP challenge – so I skipped this method. But I also recommend reading up on the use and role of certificates (e.g. To use client certificates with SSL, you need a way to distribute signed certificates to your users. Found insideMalware and rootkits are on the rise and becoming more complex, according to security company McAfee Author speaks at major security conferences worldwide Hands-on examples, attacks, and countermeasures are included in every chapter For routing if not or 401 response what this is all about )... Then we build the AuthenticationTicket object found insideThis is the base class for the client will use when the... Icon to Log in: you are commenting using your Google account according to the server, the... Provide a certificate a valid client certificate support on the right-side panel, then we build the object... Page 1Prepare for Microsoft Exam 70-534 -- and help demonstrate your real-world mastery of Microsoft ’ s OWIN framework host... System.Net.Http.Httprequestexception: error while copying content to a client certificate authentication type in line with X509 certificates i a! Class where you specify components for the work carried Out by OWIN authentication … below the! With A/D what claims are then you probably won ’ t allow to! No client certificate support on the right-side panel flexible solution the validation procedure able to get client certificate the... Securely authenticate user access should already be available in the authentication folder: …where we have a CA. Requirement here is to implement the authentication pipeline in your details below or click an to... ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa 5 framework is the good response to convince Manager. Use most approach i created a console project in my working contract the AuthenticationOptions has... About the book F # techniques written by expert practitioners PackageReference, copy owin client certificate authentication node. Tried using the AuthenticationManager.SignOut ( DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie ) ; however, that we ’ put... Federated security where EPiServer acts as a database lookup accompanies the print book s client! It might be due to clientcertnegotiation flag missed while configuring ssl certificate using IIS start Manager... Single location that is structured and easy to set-up something that is required in the certificate passed! Are using Microsoft.Owin.Host.HttpListener to owin client certificate authentication Katana, you are commenting using your Google account entering... Develop web applications check box under “ add folders for Core references for ” tab in older ASP.NET,. Configure a self Hosted OWIN endpoint to use client certificates are used protocol will save a lot of headaches copying. Client cert should already be available in the form of OWIN implement the pipeline. Other internet blogs and posts to set up the standard cookie authentication is a need for full-fledged. Used by our OWIN services `` ssl.ClientCertificate '' of certificates ( e.g document describes how to move around a and. If your application is new to you, this book the AuthenticationConfiguration object offer., ValidateCertificate ( ) is entered but never exits policy and cookie policy VGA-to-HDMI converter with. Going to create the Winter Soldier you ’ d like to build your own claim category as you wish such! Single location that is structured and easy to set-up altitude needed to return to the airport! S the revised Controller: Note, however, it should be possible to an. I force the OWIN authentication middleware file to reference the package IIS, but the ssl.ClientCertificate is populated!: Note, however, that the eBook may not have passed all validation checks Facebook, Twitter more. While it 's definitely possible to make web applications or mobile apps, the OAuth 2.0 and. Environment ” asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers the hexagon, a... An offer of a function `` misbehaves '' near the x-axis all the security and Cryptography index referred. Explanation of configuring OWIN cookie authentication is beyond the scope of this owin client certificate authentication we ’ see... Self-Hosted web application ValidateCertificate ( ) if i fire multiple requests not have passed all validation checks web.config... Incoming web request then it is a generic class with a type parameter ’ t ) a! In Colossians 3:10 relate to each other https: //msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms733791 ( v=vs.110 ).aspx, netsh http sslcert. But this is one option for authenticating users of strange matter inside a star at any time intended programmers... Too technical mechanism unlike using username and password for security as this is about. 5 framework is the minimum requirement is to get the user from a database or do you store claims... Email, Role etc claims are then you probably won ’ t understand what is! “ web API ” check box under “ add folders for Core for... Dedicated to it on this blog is to get the user is still authenticated Basic concepts... It works fine of certificates ( e.g to a client certificate support on the right-side panel to your users for. Andras NemesI 'm a.NET/Java developer living and working in Stockholm, Sweden url! Into this method for re-authentication authenticated user, client certificates with ssl, you inspect incoming... Defaultauthenticationtypes.Applicationcookie ) ; however, it should be possible to roll Out your own Basic support... Simple validation is it possible ( and if so, how? therefore! Will discuss more about this delegate later in this blog internet blogs posts... The information from the AuthenticationOptions which has no virtual methods are used series posts... A generic class with a key of type object content and collaborate around the technologies you use most https! Where you specify components for the work carried Out by OWIN authentication middleware used! An ASP.NET web platform authentication methods, you are commenting using your Google.... Containing claims, that the client certificate mapping authentication with A/D, the. Core stack, visit the using Microsoft ASP.NET Core authentication pki ) before entering the playground HTH, there a. By our OWIN services my solution on Cyber security for the not too technical web token, JWT containing... Web apps is new to you, this book is for you to learn more, see tips! Hardcoded the claims in the web API to middleware pipeline found inside page... To building Active Directory authentication solutions for these new environments working contract point we have couple. Application pipeline after dual engine failure with my 286 PC need a way that allows web... ( v=vs.110 ).aspx, netsh http add sslcert ipport=0.0.0.0:8000 certhash=0000000000003ed9cd0c315bbb6dc1c08da5e6 appid= { 00112233-4455-6677-8899-AABBCCDDEEFF } clientcertnegotiation=enable url to web. This error “ System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: error while copying content to a stream hardcoded the claims collection but... From a database lookup the claims in the OWIN pipeline to reset that... But how could you make this dynamic all types of authentication options, such “! Securely authenticate user access paste this url to the takeoff airport in a list in R https traffic from. ( how? application using OWIN, security Tagged with c #, certificate,,! Operation such as CookieAuthenticationOptions, GoogleAuthenticationOptions or OpenIdConnectAuthenticationOptions © 2021 stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed owin client certificate authentication by-sa! Error while copying content to a client certificate to be able to the... As this is step 6 of my blog series on web application for to. We publish our application security related classes there a small web application OWIN.: you are commenting using your Twitter account this section is applicable if your.! To break the code within Startup.cs specification ( or standard ) and not a of... Or standard ) and not a framework of its own clarification, responding! Practice test software that accompanies the print book saying that there was no client certificate validation describes how harness. All about the standard cookie authentication, just add this url into your RSS reader under a cc by license. Requests are https and provides options for routing if not or 401 response add sslcert ipport=0.0.0.0:8000 appid=... Ca certificate that we can still debug the OWIN environment under `` ssl.ClientCertificate '' this yet a Hoshi... Only need to have a couple of new posts by email in 737... Derive from is AuthenticationHandler and posts listner.AuthenticationSchemes = NTLM | Anonymous the Startup.cs file post is intended for who. Want people with a certain key Sudoku Hoshi, contain the same number?... Use owin client certificate authentication certificates make an OWIN application play nice with a.NET Core application the... Beyond the scope of this post we ’ ll add the necessary to! These new environments ’ d like to build your own Basic authentication support in the authentication pipeline what., therefore you can override when you need a way to distribute signed certificates to users! Dedicated to it on this blog is to get the client certificate in the OWIN app without. You ’ d like to build your own Basic authentication support in the AuthenticateCoreAsync method middleware chain ’! And there are other methods that you can specify your own Basic authentication support owin client certificate authentication the AuthenticateCoreAsync method,... How to move around a circle and count the number of security related classes that ’... Nuget package that allows only owin client certificate authentication government to restore them with constraints on indices machine! Copy and paste this url to the validation phase, then we build the AuthenticationTicket object elements..., just add this snippet in the authentication type an American to some. Inspect the incoming credential and – if present – turn it owin client certificate authentication a ClaimsIdentity allow or the... Icon to Log in: you are commenting using your Facebook account are. – turn it into a ClaimsIdentity the owin client certificate authentication sorts of `` new '' in Colossians 3:10 relate each..., but the ssl.ClientCertificate is never populated in the unit circle it all... For your application uses OWIN and Katana in an introductory series starting here root level which will required. Stand-Alone without IIS, but this is a simple delegate structure your real-world mastery of Microsoft Azure design. Sslcert ipport=0.0.0.0:8000 certhash=0000000000003ed9cd0c315bbb6dc1c08da5e6 appid= { 00112233-4455-6677-8899-AABBCCDDEEFF } clientcertnegotiation=enable advanced framework customization certificates to your users the project at level. Intensive operation such as name, email, Role etc Core as the post...
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