Table 5.2.2. On the 20th anniversary of the Northridge earthquake, more than 600 people gathered in Los Angeles to share the impacts of the 1994 earthquake, highlight accomplishments of the past two decades, and identify necessary steps forward January 20, 1994 — Interstate 5 Freeway overpass as seen from The Old Road in the Newhall Pass. Presents in one volume the information presently known about geological, seismological, sociological, mitigational, and recovery aspects of the earthquake. Cf. Introduction, p. vii. J.G. Consists chiefly of printed material from various federal, state and local agencies including forms, "red tag" notices, etc. Also colored diagrams and maps. The first attempts at a rigorous analysis of hurricane risk were made in the 1960s, by Don Friedman from Travelers Insurance (Friedman, 1972). The epicenter was reported to be in the Northridge area of the San Fernando Valley which is located in the center of Battalion 15. Just as the world has not experienced a major earthquake beneath a megacity, the US has not experienced a major earthquake directly beneath one of its cities. The performance record of modern landfills during seismic events is very limited. Shake your way into this quiz. The risk assessment provides an estimate of the mean frequency or the probability that a specified amount of loss will occur within a specified period of time. Small business owners who rented their locations had to rely on the building owners to mitigate structural impacts and faced displacement as a result. In addition, there is the threat of other subduction-related earthquakes that can occur inland at depths of several tens of kilometers within the plunging Pacific plate. Business owners seem to worry the most about a direct impact. Earthquakes also cause landslides due to the movement of the ground or liquefaction due to loss in the strength of the soil underneath structures. On January 17, 1994, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurred in the San Fernando Valley for approximately 10-20 seconds. The 1994 Northridge earthquake damaged hundreds of homes. This kind of analysis can help us to understand where and when hurricanes are possible and what damage they might do. The magnitude 6.7 Northridge Earthquake occurred on January 17, 1994 at 4:31 AM, killing more than 60, injuring more than 9,000, and causing widespread damage throughout the … The one exception is the great (M = 9.3) Prince William Sound earthquake that ruptured over 1000 km of the Alaska subduction zone. However, Alaska is not the only part of the United States where such a large subduction zone earthquake can occur. They adopted a lateral-force coefficient equal to 10%. This subduction zone, like that in Alaska, is caused by the collision of the Pacific and North American plates. Twenty-five years ago this week, a violent, pre-dawn earthquake shook Los Angeles from its sleep, and sunrise revealed widespread devastation, with dozens killed and $25 billion in damage. One case where this has contributed significantly to amplitudes larger than expected is in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, where a lens effect focused energy in the vicinity of Santa Monica (Gao et al., 1996; Davis et al., 2000). Insurers, reinsurers, rating agencies, risk managers, and insurance brokers use these models to price and transfer the risks to manage these risks. Although West Coast cities have suffered the greatest amount of damage historically, the eastern United States is also vulnerable to earthquakes. These estimates of seismic hazard and risk provide a quantitative basis for earthquake hazard mitigation in the region. Although California is best recognized for earthquakes in the United States, Alaska and the Island of Hawaii are more seismically active. How big was the earthquake? These hazard and risk estimates are therefore most appropriately used to motivate broad efforts to mitigate seismic hazard across the entire SFBA rather than efforts along a specific fault segment. Summary. A second case is the 1995 Kobe earthquake, where damage was offset from the fault in a location where direct waves arriving through sediments coincided with signals that traveled through rock on the other side of the fault, and then converted to surface waves and propagated horizontally to the damage zone (e.g., Pitarka et al., 1997, 1998). Most of the casualties occurred in wood-frame apartment buildings, popular in the San Fernando Valley, and particularly in those with weak first floors or lower-level parking garages. A 6.7 magnitude earthquake struck underneath the San Fernando Valley community of Northridge that hit 20 years ago Friday, killing 57 people and causing $20 billion in … Hurricane risk is estimated by simulating events by both interpolation and extrapolation of the historical record. USGS Response to an Urban Earthquake: Northridge '94. The SAC Joint Venture (SEAOC-ATC-CUREe), a FEMA-funded effort to solve the problem of fractures in welded steel moment frames, which surfaced in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Omissions? The Northridge earthquake occurred on January 17, 1994, at 04:31 a.m. Pacific Standard Time and was centered in Reseda, a neighborhood in the north-central San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. The two most damaging earthquakes were the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (which was beneath the rugged mountains 100 km south of San Francisco and Oakland) and the 1994 Northridge earthquake (which, although centered beneath the populated San Fernando Valley, caused strongest ground shaking in the sparsely populated Santa Suzanna Mountains to the north). The discussion here is reasonably generic and can be applied to any of the major commercial catastrophe models. Even before hurricanes make landfall the high waves can cause damage to shipping and offshore platforms, and when they do make landfall, hurricanes frequently cause damage to buildings, disruption, and loss of life. The 1994 "Northridge" earthquake hit the Los Angeles area about 4:30 AM on Martin Luther King Day. Anderson, in Treatise on Geophysics (Second Edition), 2015. These include the 1985 Michoacan (Mexico City) earthquake (M = 8.1), the 1985 Valparaiso, Chile, earthquake (M = 7.8), the 1987 Spitak, Armenia, earthquake (M = 6.9), the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake (M = 6.9), the 1999 Izmit, Turkey, earthquake (M = 7.4), and the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake (M = 7.6). Contact, chat, social media. Aerial view of wrecked cars litter the connector ramp from Interstate 5 to Highway 14 following the Northridge earthquake, on Jan. 17, 1994. J. Polet and J. Chen provided record sections and L. Gee provided a detailed review. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Funding for TriNet has been provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the California Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES) through the Hazards Mitigation Grant Program established following the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The structures that are damaged during earthquakes are not only buildings, bridges, etc., but also utilities like water, gas, and sewer lines and lifelines like train tracks and roads. Performance of landfills during 1994 Northridge Earthquake. Using these various data sources relevant aspects of hurricanes can be studied and modeled. It had a duration of approximately 10–20 seconds. The choice of a relatively short, 30-year time window by WG02 has the advantage that it is a similar timescale to that of property ownership. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The 1994 Northridge earthquake made it obvious that in order to advance the practice of seismic design it was necessary to (1) learn more about various aspects of earthquake ground motions and building response during earthquakes, and (2) develop procedures … Once special studies are performed by qualified engineers and geologists, measures to physically mitigate these ground-failure hazards are included in the development plans before permits are issued. Allen, in Treatise on Geophysics, 2007. After decades of paleoseismic research, it is now recognized that in January 1700 a great (M ≈ 9) earthquake ruptured nearly the entire length of the Cascadia subduction zone located off the Pacific coast of the United States between Cape Mendocino, California, and Victoria Island, Canada. In 1993, a Midwestern flood along the Mississippi River affected nine states – and it closed the Mississippi River, a major cargo transportation route (Quarantelli, 1985). Northridge earthquake of 1994, earthquake that struck the densely populated San Fernando Valley in southern California, U.S., on Jan. 17, 1994. building damaged by earthquake - northridge earthquake stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. 1 Three counties, Los Angeles, Ventura and Orange were affected by the Funding has also been provided by the United States Geological Survey from their special Northridge funds. The Kaiser Permanente Building after the Northridge Earthquake of January 17, 1994. The January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake damaged four major freeways in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, creating the pospect of gridlock in the nation's prototypical automobile city. A magnitude 6.8 (Ms) earthquake centered under the community of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley shook the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area at 4:31 a.m. local time on Monday, January 17, 1994. But, as pointed out above and by WG02, the reliability of PSHA analysis decreases as the temporal and spatial scales decrease. The disaster here is the 1994 earthquake near Los Angeles, which left 58 dead, destroyed more than 112,000 buildings, collapsed freeways, and started fires. Table 5.2.2 summarizes the levels of acceleration that some landfills experienced and a description of the damage observed. A magnitude 6.8 (Ms) earthquake centered under the community of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley shook the entire Loss Angeles metropolitan area at 4:31 a.m. local time on Monday, January 17, 1994. The most costly American earthquake since 1906 struck Los Angeles on 17 January 1994. China–US Bilateral Workshop on Seismic Codes, funded by NSF. Public concern regarding the safety of school children led directly to the enactment of the Field Act by which the California Division of Architecture required that all school buildings should be designed to resist lateral forces equal to 2–10% of their weight, depending on the type of construction. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Northridge Earthquake struck on January 17, 1994 at 4:30:55 a.m. These firms help to manage risks for a wide range of natural catastrophes such as hurricanes, earthquakes, winter storms, tornadoes, hailstorms, and floods, as well as man-made catastrophes such as terrorism. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake resulted from more than 3 meters of reverse slip on a 15-kilometer-long south-dipping thrust fault that raised the Santa Susana mountains by as much as 70 centimeters. Property damage from the earthquake was estimated to be between $13 and $50 billion. Property damage was severe and widespread; although the worst damage was sustained by communities in the western and northern San Fernando Valley, other areas of Los Angeles county were affected, as were parts of Ventura, Orange, and San Bernardino counties. A 2010 flood that severely impacted nine districts in Pakistan affected over 300,000 small businesses with loss of utilities, lack of water, and disrupted transportation routes (Asgary, Anjum, & Azimi, 2012). ATC used this approach because there was limited earthquake damage and loss data at that time. Our observations of large (M > 6.5) earthquakes in California are limited. The timing of the earthquake (early morning during a federal holiday) is thought to have prevented a higher death toll, as most residents were in their beds, rather than on failed freeways or in other collapsed structures (such as office buildings or parking lots). 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